Dharavi

Dharavi is a residential area in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It has often been considered one of the world's largest slums. It has an area of just over and a population of about 1,000,000. With a population density of over , it is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.

The Dharavi slum was founded in 1884, during the British colonial era, and grew due to the expulsion of factories and residents from the peninsular city centre by the colonial government and the migration of rural Indians into urban Mumbai. For this reason, Dharavi is a highly diverse settlement, religiously and ethnically.Sharma, Kalpana; Rediscovering Dharavi: Story from Asia's Largest Slum (2000) – Penguin Books

Dharavi has an active informal economy, in which household enterprises employ slum residents—leather, textiles, and pottery products are among the goods produced there. The total annual turnover was estimated to be over 1 billion in 2009.

Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread plague in 1896, which killed over half of the population of Mumbai.Swaminathan, M. (1995). "Aspects of urban poverty in Bombay." Environment and Urbanization, 7(1), 133–144 Sanitation in the slum remains poor.

History In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island with a mangrove swamp. It was a sparsely populated village before the late 19th century, inhabited by Koli fishers. It was then referred to as Koliwada.

Colonial era

In the 1850s, after decades of urban growth under the East India Company and the British Raj, Bombay's population reached half a million. The urban area covered mostly the southern extension of the peninsula, and its population density was over ten times higher than London's.Jan Nijman, A Study of Space in Bombay's Slums, Tijdschrift Voor economic en social geographies, Volume 101, Issue 1, pages 4–17, February 2010

The most polluting industries were tanneries, and the first tannery moved from peninsular Bombay into Dharavi in 1887. People who worked with leather, typically a profession of the lowest Hindu castes and of Muslim Indians, moved to the village. Other early settlers included the Kumbhars, a large Gujarati community of potters. The colonial government granted them a 99-year land-lease in 1895. Rural migrants looking for jobs poured into Bombay, and its population soared past one million. Other artisans, including embroidery workers from Uttar Pradesh, started the ready-made garments trade. These industries created jobs, and labor moved in, but there was no government effort to plan or invest in infrastructure in or near Dharavi. Living quarters and small-scale factories grew haphazardly, without provision for sanitation, drainage, safe drinking water, roads, or other basic services. Gradually, the communities that settled in Dharavi formed organizations and political parties, building schools, temples, homes, and factories. Dharavi's first Hindu temple, Ganesh Mandir, was built in 1883, and its oldest mosque, Badi Masjid, opened in 1887.

Post-independence By the time of India's independence from colonial rule in 1947, Dharavi had grown to be the largest slum in the entire country. It still had a few empty spaces, which continued to serve as waste-dumping grounds for operators across Bombay. The city, meanwhile, continued to grow. Soon, Dharavi was surrounded and became a key hub for the informal economy., Eyre, L. (1990), "The shanty towns of central Bombay". Urban Geography 11, pages 130–152 Starting in the 1950s, proposals for Dharavi's redevelopment were periodically floated, but most of these plans failed due to lack of financial banking and/or political support. Dharavi's Co-operative Housing Society was formed in the 1960s to uplift the thousands of slum dwellers. By the late 20th century, Dharavi occupied about , with a population density of more than 2,900 people per hectare (1,200/acre).Graber et al. (2005), "Living and working in slums of Bombay." Working paper 36. Magdeburg: Otto-von-Guericke Universitat, Netherlands

Redevelopment plans

There have been various plans since 1997 to redevelop Dharavi along the lines of slums in Hong Kong, such as Tai Hang. In 2004, the cost of redevelopment was estimated to be .

A redevelopment plan managed by the American-trained architect Mukesh Mehta involved the construction of of housing, schools, parks, and roads to serve the 57,000 families residing there, along with of residential and commercial space for sale. In 2008, German students Jens Kaercher and Lucas Schwind won a Next Generation prize for their innovative redevelopment strategy designed to protect Dharavi's residents from needing to relocate.

In 2019, a Dubai-based firm, SecLink Group, proposed redeveloping the slum into a completely new area. In 2023, it became known that the Indian billionaire Gautam Adani intends to work on the reconstruction of Dharavi. Mumbai authorities estimated the total cost of the work to be $2.4 billion. As of April 2024, a survey was being conducted by the Adani Group to prepare Dharavi residents for the work. In December 2024, the company received a tender from the Government of Maharashtra to proceed with the work, after being challenged by the SecLink Group.

Demographics The total population of Dharavi is unknown due to rapid changes in the number of migrant workers coming from neighbouring Gujarat state, though voter turnout for the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election was 119,092 (yielding a 60% rate). Some sources suggest it ranges from 300,000 to about a million. With the slum spread over , it is estimated to have a population density of 869,565 people per square mile. Among its inhabitants, about 20% work on animal skin processing, tanneries, and leather goods. Other artisans specialise in pottery work, textile goods manufacturing, retail and trade, distilleries, and other caste-specific professions—all as small-scale household operations. With a literacy rate of 69%, Dharavi is the most literate slum in India.

The western edge of Dharavi is where its original inhabitants, the Kolis, reside. The slum includes speakers of various languages, such as Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, and Telugu. Residents include migrants from rural regions of many different states across India.Sharma, Kalpana (2000). Rediscovering Dharavi: Stories from Asia's Largest Slum. Penguin Books India;

About 29% of the population of Dharavi is Muslim.Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City National Geographic (2007)Census Data: India Government of India The Christian population is estimated to be about 6%,History of Dharavi churches Dharavi Deanery (2011) while the rest are predominantly Hindus, with some Buddhists and other minority religions. The slum has numerous mosques, temples, and churches.

Location and characteristics

Dharavi is considered one of the largest slums in the world. It is a large area situated between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, the Western and Central Railways. It is also adjacent to Mumbai Airport. To the west are Mahim and Bandra, and to the north lies the Mithi River, which empties into the Arabian Sea through the Mahim Creek. The area of Antop Hill lies to the east, while Matunga is to the south. Due to its location and poor sewerage and drainage systems, Dharavi is particularly vulnerable to flooding during the wet season.

Economy

In addition to the traditional pottery and textile industries in Dharavi, there is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing waste from other parts of Mumbai. Recycling in Dharavi was reported to employ approximately 250,000 people in 2024. While it is a major industry in the neighborhood, it is also reported to be a source of heavy pollution. The district had an estimated 5,000 businesses as of 2010 and 15,000 single-room factories.

Dharavi exports goods around the world. Often these consist of various leather products, jewellery, various accessories, and textiles. Markets for Dharavi's goods include stores in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East. The total (and largely informal) economic turnover has been estimated to be between 500 million or and 650 million to over 1 billion per year.

A few travel operators offer guided tours of the slum, showing its industrial and residential parts and explaining the problems and challenges Dharavi faces.

Utility services Potable water to Dharavi and the rest of Mumbai is supplied by the MCGM. However, a large amount of water is lost due to theft, illegal connections, and leakage.

Cooking gas is supplied in the form of LPG cylinders sold by state-owned oil companies as well as through piped natural gas, supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.

Sanitation issues

Dharavi has severe problems with public health. Water access derives from public standpipes stationed throughout the slum. Additionally, lavatories are filthy and damaged to the point of being unsafe. Locals urinate and defecate into Mahim Creek, leading to the spread of contagious diseases. The open sewers in the city drain into the creek, causing a spike in water pollutants, septic conditions, and foul odours. Due to the air pollutants, diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis, and asthma are common among residents. Clothes are washed in water that people defecate in, causing a high daily incidence of typhoid. There have been government proposals for improving Dharavi's sanitation issues. In a 2006 Human Development Report by the UN, it was estimated that Dharavi had an average of one toilet for every 1,440 people.

Epidemics and other disasters Dharavi has experienced a long history of epidemics and natural disasters, sometimes with significant loss of life. The first plague to devastate the slum, along with other settlements of Mumbai, happened in 1896, when nearly half of the population died. A series of plagues and other epidemics continued to affect Dharavi, and Mumbai in general, for the next 25 years, with high rates of mortality.Gandy, M. (2008), "Landscapes of disaster: water, modernity, and urban fragmentation in Mumbai." Environment and Planning. A, 40(1), 108Renapurkar, D. M. (1988). "Distribution and Susceptibility of Xenopsylla astia to DDT in Maharashtra State, India." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 9(03), 377–380 Dysentery epidemics have been common throughout the years, explained by the high population density of Dharavi. Other reported epidemics include typhoid, cholera, leprosy, amoebiasis, and polio. In 1986, a cholera epidemic was reported, with most patients being children.Mehta et al., "An outbreak of cholera in children of Bombay slums," Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, 4 June(2): page 94 In recent years, cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis have been reported in Dharavi.Udwadia, Z. F., Pinto, L. M., & Uplekar, M. W. (2010). "Tuberculosis management by private practitioners in Mumbai, India: has anything changed in two decades?" PLoS One, 5(8), e12023Loewenberg, S. (2012), "India reports cases of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis," The Lancet, 379(9812), 205

Fires and other disasters are common. For example, in 2005, massive floods caused deaths and extensive property damage.Samaddar, S., Misra, B. A., Chatterjee, R., & Tatano, H. (2012). Understanding Community's Evacuation Intention Development Process in a Flood Prone Micro-hotspot, Mumbai. IDRiM Journal, 2(2) In January 2013, a fire destroyed many slum properties and caused injuries.Dharavi turns into fireball as flames engulf slum Indian Express (22 January 2013)

The COVID-19 pandemic also affected the slum, with the first case being reported in April 2020.

In the media