The General Motors 60° V6 engine family is a series of 60° V6 engines produced for both longitudinal and transverse applications. All of these engines are 12-valve cam-in-block or overhead valve engines, except for the LQ1 which uses 24 valves driven by dual overhead cams. These engines vary in displacement between and have a cast-iron block and either cast-iron or aluminum heads. Production of these engines began in 1980 and ended in 2005 in the U.S., with production continued in China until 2010. This engine family was the basis for the GM High Value engine family. These engines have also been referred to as the X engines as they were first used in the X-body cars.

This engine is not related to the GMC V6 engine that was designed for commercial vehicle usage.

This engine family was developed by Chevrolet, although it was used by many GM divisions, except for Saturn and Geo.

Generation I The first generation of modern small GM 60° V6 engines featured an iron block and heads with inline valves. This "clean sheet" design was introduced in 1980 and versions were produced through 1995. Two different blocks with minor differences were developed: A transverse engine family for front-wheel drive A longitudinal engine family for rear-wheel drive

Transverse The transverse engines began the 60° family in 1980. Like the rest of the Generation I engines, they were updated in 1985 with larger main journals for durability, along with multi-point fuel injection or E2SE carburetor and OBD I. Production of the Generation I transverse engines ended in 1988.

2.8 L

LE2 The LE2 was the first version of the 60° engine. It was a transverse version produced from 1980 through 1986 for the A-body and X-body cars. The standard ("X-code") engine for this line, it used a two-barrel carburetor. Output was for 1980–81, for 1982–86, and in high-output versions. Bore was and stroke was .

Applications: 1982-1986 Buick Century 1980–1985 Buick Skylark 1982–1986 Chevrolet Celebrity 1980–1985 Chevrolet Citation 1982-1986 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera & Cutlass Cruiser 1980–1984 Oldsmobile Omega 1982–1986 Pontiac 6000 1980–1984 Pontiac Phoenix

LH7 Introduced in 1981, the LH7 was a High Output ("Z-code") version of the LE2 for the higher-performance X-cars like the Chevrolet Citation X-11 and higher-performance A-cars like the Pontiac 6000 STE. It retained a two-barrel carburetor and produced and for 1981 and for 1982–1984 versions. The LH7 was replaced after 1984 with the MFI L44.

Applications: 1982–1984 Buick Skylark T-Type 1984 Chevrolet Celebrity (optional on first year Eurosport) 1981–1984 Chevrolet Citation X-11 1989–1991 Isuzu Trooper/Trooper II 1982–1984 Oldsmobile Omega SX 1983–1984 Pontiac 6000 STE 1982–1984 Pontiac Phoenix SJ/SE

L44

The L44 was produced from 1985 to 1988, replacing the LH7. It was the first transverse to use multiport fuel injection, and was a High Output ("9-code") engine option for the higher performance A-cars, X-cars, and Pontiac Fiero. This engine produced at 5200 rpm and of torque at 3600 rpm.1984 General Motors, "Pontiac Fiero 1985 Do-It-Yourself" Manual, pg 3-21985 General Motors, "Pontiac Fiero 1986 Do-It-Yourself" Manual, pg 3-21986 General Motors, "1987 Pontiac Fiero Owner's Manual", pg 6-51987 General Motors, "1988 Pontiac Fiero Owner's Manual", pg 6-4

Applications: 1985–1986 Chevrolet Celebrity Eurosport 1985 Chevrolet Citation X-11 1985–1986 Pontiac 6000 STE 1985–1988 Pontiac Fiero

LB6 The LB6 ("W-code") 2.8 L (2,837 cc) engine was introduced in 1985 to replace the original LE2. It used multiport fuel injection and produced at 4500 rpm and off torque at 3600 rpm.

Applications:

1985 Buick Skylark 1985–1986 Cadillac Cimarron 1985–1989 Chevrolet Cavalier 1985–1986 Chevrolet Celebrity 1985 Chevrolet Citation 1985–1987 Oldsmobile Firenza (GT) 1985–1986 Pontiac 6000

3.1 L

LG6 The LG6 ("D-code") 3.1 L was produced from 1990 to 1996 in both transverse and longitudinal applications. It used throttle-body fuel injection and iron heads. It produced and .

Applications: 1990–1995 Chevrolet Lumina APV 1991–1994 Isuzu Pickup 1990–1992 Isuzu Rodeo 1990–1995 Oldsmobile Silhouette 1990–1995 Pontiac Trans Sport

Longitudinal The longitudinal versions had minor differences from the transverse engines on which they were based. This group appeared in 1982 with the LC1 and LR2 and never added the aluminum heads of the Generation II engines.

Like the rest of the family, larger journals appeared in 1985, along with multiport fuel injection for the F-body LB8 version. TBI was added for the truck version in 1986. A version was added in 1990 with an longer stroke (now 84mm), and a appeared for 1993 with a bore and SFI. Production of the (Isuzu) engines ended in 1994. Production ended for all longitudinal 60° V6s in 1996. GM's performance-parts division continued production of a related crate engine after 1999.

2.8 Applications: 1986–1993 Chevrolet S-10/GMC S-15 Sonoma 1986–1993 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy 1988–1991 Isuzu Trooper II

3.1 Applications: 1991–1994 Isuzu Pickup 1991–1992 Isuzu Rodeo

2.8 L

LC1 The longitudinal LC1 was produced from 1982 to 1984. It was a 2-barrel standard output ("1-code") version for the F-body cars. Output was and . It was replaced by the LB8 for 1985.

Applications: 1982–1984 Chevrolet Camaro 1982–1984 Pontiac Firebird

LR2 The longitudinal LR2 was a truck version ("B-code") produced from 1982 to 1986. It used a two-barrel carburetor and produced and .

Applications: 1982–1986 Chevrolet S-10/GMC S-15 Sonoma 1982–1986 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy 1984–1986 Jeep Cherokee 1986 Jeep Comanche

LL1/LL2 The longitudinal LL1 was a high-output version of the LC1 produced in 1983 and 1984. It was an optional ("L-code") engine on the Pontiac Firebird with .

Applications: 1983–1984 Pontiac Firebird

The carbureted LL2 ("R-code") was produced from 1982 to 1988. Another LL2 ("R-code") with throttle-body fuel injection was produced from 1986 to 1993. Output of the TBI version was .

Applications: 1986–1993 Chevrolet S-10/GMC S-15 Sonoma 1986–1993 Chevrolet S-10 Blazer/GMC S-15 Jimmy 1989–1991 Isuzu Trooper

LB8 The LB8 ("S-code") replaced the LC1 in 1985 and was produced until 1989. It used multiport fuel injection and was made for longitudinal mounting. Output was and .

Applications: 1985–1989 Chevrolet Camaro 1985–1989 Pontiac Firebird

3.1 L

LH0 The 3.1L LH0 as used in the rear-wheel-drive applications differed significantly from that used in front-wheel-drive applications. The latter retained the Generation-I architecture block and heads. Output was and .

Applications: 1990–1992 Chevrolet Camaro 1990–1992 Pontiac Firebird

3.4 L

L32 The power rating of the L32 ("S-code") used in the Camaro and Firebird was at 4,600 rpm and torque at 3,600 rpm. It has a bore and stroke. The F-body cars used the Generation I architecture, with iron heads, and without splayed valves.

Applications: 1993–1994 Chevrolet Camaro (California models)Buick V6 engine#L36 SII Naturally Aspirated 1993–1995 Chevrolet Camaro 1993–1994 Pontiac Firebird (California models) 1993–1995 Pontiac Firebird

Generation II The second generation, still , was introduced in 1987. It used aluminum heads with splayed valves and an aluminum front cover. It was produced exclusively for transverse, front-wheel-drive use. The next year, Chevrolet introduced a full-production long-stroke version in the Pontiac 6000 STE AWD, with a bore and stroke compared to the 2.8 which shared the same bore, however with a in stroke. It was produced simultaneously with the in various compact and midsized vehicles until 1990, when the was dropped. MPFI was used on both, and a full-production turbo version was available on the . An even higher displacement DOHC LQ1 was also developed, and eventually, the new GM High Value engine family followed. Production of OHV Generation II engines ended in 1994 after the introduction of the Generation III in 1993.

2.8 L

LB6 The 60° V6 was used in these vehicles: 1987–1989 Buick Century 1988–1989 Buick Regal 1987–1988 Cadillac Cimarron 1987–1989 Chevrolet Beretta 1987–1989 Chevrolet Cavalier 1990–1994 Mexican Chevrolet Cavalier 1987–1989 Chevrolet Celebrity 1987–1989 Chevrolet Corsica 1987–1989 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera 1990–1992 Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera S 1988–1989 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1987–1989 Pontiac 6000 1988–1989 Pontiac Grand Prix

3.1 L

LH0 The LH0 ("T-code") was introduced in 1988 on the Pontiac 6000 STE AWD, featuring more advanced multi-port fuel injection. It was produced until 1994 (1996 for the Mexican market) and was exported in some models. This engine produced and of torque from 1988–1989; it was then upgraded to at 4800 rpm and of torque at 3600 rpm.

Applications: 1989–1993 Buick Regal 1990–1993 Chevrolet Beretta 1990–1994 Chevrolet Cavalier 1990 Chevrolet Celebrity 1990–1993 Chevrolet Corsica 1990–1994 Chevrolet Lumina 1989–1993 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme 1988–1991 Pontiac 6000 (STE AWD 1988–89, all models 1990–91) 1989–1993 Pontiac Grand Prix 1991–1994 Pontiac Sunbird 1990–1996 Chevrolet Cutlass (Mexico) 1990–1996 Chevrolet Century (Mexico)

L64 The L64 ("W-code") was introduced in 1991 as a flexible-fuel version of the . The two versions were one that could run M85 (85% methanol/15% gasoline) and one that could run E85 (85% ethanol/15% gasoline).

Uses: 1991–1993 Chevrolet Lumina VFV 1992–1993 Chevrolet Lumina E85 VFV

LG5 The LG5 ("V-code") was a special turbocharged engine produced with McLaren for the 1989 and 1990 model years.

It featured the same multiport fuel injection intake manifolds and throttle body as the LH0, Using an air to air intercooler and T25 water cooled turbo producing at 5200 rpm and of torque at 2100 rpm.

Around 3,700 engines were produced each year. This engine had a block with more nickel content and hardened internals. 8.8:1 compression ratio.

Used special cylinder heads with more open combustion chambers similar to the later LX9 3.5 cylinder heads.

Applications: 1989–1990 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo 1990 Pontiac Grand Prix Turbo STE

3.4 L

LQ1

The LQ1 (also called the Twin Dual Cam or TDC) was a DOHC V6 engine ("X-code") based on the aluminum-headed second generation of GM's 60° engine line, sharing a similar block with its pushrod cousins, the 3.1 L LH0 V6 and the then recently retired LB6 V6. The engine was built only for front-wheel-drive applications, and was featured exclusively in the first generation of GM's W-body platform.

It was built from 1991 to 1997. From 1991 to 1993, it used tuned multiport fuel injection, and made at 5200 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm. From 1994 to 1997, it used sequential port fuel injection, and made at 5200 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm. In 1996, the heads were redesigned for better flow, as well as now making the engine an interference design and adapting the engine for federally mandated OBD-II emissions. Output for the 1996–97 LQ1 is and . It had four valves per cylinder. The engine substituted the standard camshaft for a chain-driven intermediate shaft, which drives four overhead cams via a cogged belt. Adapting the 60° pushrod block for the LQ1's overhead cams significantly increased packaged engine height.

Bore was increased to , and the engine's stroke was retained. Only a few interchangeable parts are use between this DOHC engine and other members of the 60° family, primarily the connecting rods and crankshaft.

The heads and intake manifolds were redesigned for the 1996 model year, incorporating a larger removable throttle body and plenum area, slightly longer intake runners, cloverleaf combustion chambers, and larger "pill"-shaped exhaust ports. Camshafts and cam timing were also revised for the new, higher-rpm powerband. Compression ratio 9.7:1