The Bisayan languages or Visayan languages, page 16. are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in the Philippines. They are most closely related to (though not mutually intelligible with) Tagalog and the Bikol languages, all of which are part of the Central Philippine languages. Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the whole Visayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of the Bicol Region (particularly in Masbate and Sorsogon where several dialects of Waray are spoken), islands south of Luzon, such as those that make up Romblon, most of the areas of Mindanao and the province of Sulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents of Metro Manila also speak one of the Bisayan languages.
Over 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family. The Bisayan language with the most speakers is Cebuano, spoken by 20 million people as a native language in Central Visayas, parts of Eastern Visayas, and most of Mindanao. Two other well-known and widespread Bisayan languages are Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), spoken by 9 million in most of Western Visayas and Soccsksargen; and Waray-Waray, spoken by 6 million in Eastern Visayas region. Prior to colonization, the script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was the badlit, closely related to the Tagalog baybayin.
Nomenclature Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, especially Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Waray, not only refer to their language by their local name, but also by Bisaya or Binisaya, meaning Bisayan language. This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be called Bisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages being mutually unintelligible.
However, languages that are classified within the Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of the Visayas do not use the self-reference Bisaya or Binisaya. To speakers of Cuyonon, Surigaonon, Butuanon and Tausug, the term Visayan usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon.
There have been no proven accounts to verify the origins of Bisaya. However, there is an ethnic group in Malaysia and Brunei who call themselves with the same name. However, these ethnic groups in the Philippines must not be confused with those in Borneo.
Evidence David Zorc lists the following innovations as features defining the Bisayan languages as a group (Zorc 1977:241). Tausug is noted to have diverged early from the group and may have avoided some sound changes that affected the others.
*lC, *Cl > *Cl (where C is any consonant not *h, *q, or *l) *qC, *Cq > *Cq (MOST) *qC, *Cq > *qC (Tausug, and most Bikol languages)
+Reflexes of PCPh and PPh*qaldaw*qalsəm*qitlug*baqguhTagalic*qaːdaw (Tag: ˈʔaː.raw)*qaːsəm (Tag: ˈʔaː.sim)*qitlug (Tag: ʔit.ˈlog)*baːguh (Tag: ˈbaː.go)Bikol*qaldaw (Naga: ˈʔal.daw)*qalsəm (Naga: ˈʔal.som)*qitlug (Iriga: ʔit.ˈlog)*baqguh (Naga: ˈbaʔ.go)Bisayan*qadlaw (ALL: ˈʔad.law)*qasləm (Kin: ˈʔas.ləm, Ceb: ˈʔas.lum)*qitlug (MOST: ˈʔit.log)*bagquh (Ceb: ˈbag.ʔo)
Internal classification David Zorc gives the following internal classification for the Bisayan languages (Zorc 1977:32). The five primary branches are South, Cebuan, Central, Banton, and West. However, Zorc notes that the Bisayan language family is more like a dialect continuum rather than a set of readily distinguishable languages.
The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first, followed by Cebuan and then the rest of the three branches. Also, in the Visayas section, the province of Romblon has the most linguistic diversity, as languages from three primary Bisayan branches are spoken there: Romblomanon from Central Bisayan, Inunhan from Western Bisayan and Banton (which has an independent Bisayan branch).
Notably, Baybayanon and Porohanon have Warayan substrata, indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from the mid-1800s.
A total of 36 varieties are listed below. Individual languages are marked by italics.
Bisayan 1. South (spoken on the northeastern coast of Mindanao) Butuan-Tausug Tausug Butuanon Surigao Surigaonon Tandaganon 2. Cebuan (spoken in Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, Eastern Negros, western Leyte and northern, southeastern and northwestern parts of Mindanao) Cebuan Cebuano Boholano 3. Central (spoken across most of the Visayan region) Warayan (spoken in eastern Leyte, Biliran and Samar) Waray Baybayanon Kabalian Southern Sorsogon (Gubat) Peripheral Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) (spoken in eastern Panay and Guimaras, Western Negros and south-central Mindanao) Capiznon Bantayanon Porohanon Masbate-Sorsogon Masbateño Central Sorsogon (Masbate) Romblon (also the name of the province) Romblomanon 4. Asi (spoken in northwestern Romblon Province) Asi 5. West Aklan (spoken in northwestern Panay) Aklanon/Inakeanon Malaynon Karayan Karay-a (spoken in western and inland Panay) North-Central (spoken on Tablas Island and the southern tip of Mindoro) Inonhan (language related to Karayan) Kuyan (spoken in the archipelagos west of Panay and Romblon as well as the southern tip of Mindoro) Ratagnon Cuyonon Caluyanon Caluyanon
The auxiliary language of Eskayan is grammatically Bisayan, but has essentially no Bisayan (or Philippine) vocabulary.
Magahat and Karolanos, both spoken in Negros, are unclassified within Bisayan.Lobel, Jason William. 2013. Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction . Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
Names and locations Zorc (1977: 14–15) lists the following names and locations of Bisayan languages. The recently documented languages Karolanos, Magahat, and Kabalian are not listed in Zorc (1977).
Subgroup Language Other names Location(s) Banton Banton Banton Island, Romblon Banton Sibale Banton Sibale (Maestre de Campo) Island, Romblon Banton Odionganon Corcuera Island dialect Odiongan area, Tablas Island, Romblon Western Alcantaranon Alcantara, Tablas Island, Romblon Western Dispoholnon San Andres (Despujols), Tablas Island Western Looknon Inunhan Look and Santa Fe, Tablas Island Western Datagnon Ratagnun, Latagnun Ilin Island and Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro Western Santa Teresa Barrio Santa Teresa of Magsaysay, Occidental Mindoro Western Bulalakawnon Bulalacao (San Pedro), southern Oriental Mindoro Western Semirara Semirara Island Group Western Cuyonon Cuyuno Cuyo Island, except Agutaya; coastal area around Puerto Princesa, Palawan; Culion and Busuanga Islands Western Aklanon Akeanon, Aklano, Aklan Aklan and northern Capiz, Panay Island Western Pandan Pandan area, Antique, including the Buruanga, Aklan area of Panay Western Kinaray-a Antiqueño, Hinaray-a, Sulud, Panayano most of Antique, Panay Island; most inland areas of Iloilo and Capiz; southern Guimaras Island off of Iloilo Western Gimaras Guimaras Island, Iloilo Central Romblomanon Niromblon, Sibuyanon Romblon and Sibuyan Island; San Agustin area, Tablas Island Central Bantayan Bantayan Island Central Capiznon Capiz and northeastern Iloilo, Panay Island Central Hiligaynon Ilonggo most of Iloilo, Panay Island; western Guimaras and Negros Occidental Central Kawayan Cauayan, Negros Occidental Central Masbate Masbate Masbate and Ticao Island Central Camotes Camotes Island, between Cebu and Leyte Central Northern Samar Samareño, Waray-Waray northern Samar Central Samar-Leyte Samareño, Waray-Waray, Sinamar central Samar; northern half of Leyte Central Waray Samareño, Waray-Waray, Binisayâ southern Samar Island, Eastern Samar Central Sorsogon Sorsogonon, Bikol northern Sorsogon, Bikol Central Gubat Sorsogonon southern Sorsogon, Bikol (including Gubat) Cebuan Cebuano Sugbuanon, Sugbuhanon, Cebuan, Sebuano Cebu Island; Negros Oriental; eastern Visayas and the coastal areas of northern and eastern Mindanao Cebuan Boholano Bol-anon Bohol Island Cebuan Leyte Kanâ, Leyteño central western Leyte; immigrants to Dinagat Island Southern Butuanon Butuan, Agusan del Norte area Southern Surigaonon Jaun Bisayâ Surigao del Norte Southern Jaun-Jaun Siargaonon Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte Southern Kantilan Cantilan and Madrid, Surigao del Sur Southern Naturalis Tandag and Tago, Surigao del Sur Southern Tausug Moro, Taw Sug Jolo Island; southern and western Palawan
Comparisons The following comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc (1997).
Personal-noun case markers SubgroupVarietySingularPluralNOMERGOBLNOMERGOBL BantonBanton sinikangsanakaná Banton Sibale sinikangsínanínakína Banton Odionganon sinikangsanakaná Western, Inonhan Alcantaranon Western, Inonhan Dispoholnonsinikaysándaynándaykánday Western, InonhanLooknonsinikaysándaynándaykánday Western, Kuyan, RatagnonDatagnonsinikisándanándakanánda Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon Santa Teresasinikaysándaynándaykánday Western, Inonhan Bulalakawnonsinikaysándaynándaykánday Western, Kuyan, CaluyanonSemirarasinikaysándaynándaykánday Western, KuyanCuyononsinikisandanandakanda WesternAklanonsinikaysánda(y)nánda(y)kánda(y) Western, Kinaray-a Pandansinikaysándaynándaykánday Western, Kinaray-aKinaray-asinikaysándaynándaykánday Western, Kinaray-a Gimaras CentralRomblomanonsinikaysináninákiná Central, PeripheralBantayan Central, PeripheralCapiznonsinikaysándaynándaykánday Central, PeripheralHiligaynonsinikaysilá niníla nisa íla ni Central, Peripheral Kawayan Central, PeripheralMasbatesinikansindanindakanda Central, PeripheralCamotes Central, Warayan, Waray Northern Samarsinikansiránirákánda Central, Warayan, Waray Samar-Leytesinikansiránírakánda Central, Warayan, WarayWarayhinikanhiránírakánda Central, PeripheralSorsogon (Central Sorsoganon)sinikansiránirákánda Central, Warayan Gubat (South Sorsoganon)sinikansiránirákánda CebuanCebuanosinikangsilá si silángníla ni níangsa íla ni, sa ílang CebuanBoholanosinikangsílanílakaníla CebuanLeytesilangnilangsa ilang Southern, Butuan-TausugButuanonsinikangsindanindakanda Southern, SurigaononSurigaononsinikaysílanílakaníla Southern, Surigaonon Jaun-Jaunsinikansíla siníla nidíla ni Southern, Surigaonon Kantilan Southern, Tandaganon Naturalis Southern, Butuan-TausugTausughihikanhindahindakanda
Common-name case markers SubgroupVarietyNOMERGOBLIndefiniteDefiniteIndefiniteDefinitePastNonpastPastNonpastFuture BantonBanton -ykagitittongsa Banton Sibale -ykagititkagsa Banton Odionganon -ykagitittongsa Western, Inonhan Alcantaranonangittangsa Western, Inonhan Dispoholnonangitkangsa Western, InonhanLooknonangittangsa Western, Kuyan, RatagnonDatagnonang#angsa Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon Santa Teresaangkangsa Western, Inonhan Bulalakawnonangittangsa Western, Kuyan, CaluyanonSemiraraangkangsa Western, KuyanCuyononangii-angsa WesternAklanon -yro~doitkusa Western, Kinaray-a Pandanangitkangsa Western, Kinaray-aKinaray-aangtikangsa Western, Kinaray-a Gimarasangtikangsa CentralRomblomanonangningnangsa Central, PeripheralBantayanangsingsangsa Central, PeripheralCapiznonangsingsangsa Central, PeripheralHiligaynonangsingsangsa Central, Peripheral Kawayanangsingsangsa Central, PeripheralMasbateansinsansa Central, PeripheralCamotesinansinsansa Central, Warayan, Waray Northern Samarinansi(n)sa(n)sa Central, Warayan, Waray Samar-Leyteinanitsinsansitsa Central, Warayan, WarayWarayinanithinhanhitha Central, PeripheralSorsogon (Central Sorsoganon)ansinsansa Central, Warayan Gubat (South Sorsoganon)ansinsansa CebuanCebuano-yangugsasa CebuanBoholanoangugsasa CebuanLeyteangugsasa Southern, Butuan-TausugButuanonanghongsa Southern, SurigaononSurigaononangnangsa Southern, Surigaonon Jaun-Jaunannansa Southern, Surigaonon Kantilanangnangsa Southern, Tandaganon Naturalisangnangsa Southern, Butuan-TausugTausuginsinha
Reconstruction
David Zorc's reconstruction of Proto-Bisayan had 15 consonants and 4 vowels (Zorc 1977:201). Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) are also reconstructed by Zorc.