This is a list of Roman canals. Roman canals were typically multi-purpose structures, intended for irrigation, drainage, land reclamation, flood control and navigation where feasible. This list focuses on the larger canals, particularly navigational canals, as recorded by ancient geographers and still traceable by modern archaeology. Channels which served the needs of urban water supply are covered at the List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire.

Greek engineers were the first to use canal locks, by which they regulated the water flow in the Ancient Suez Canal as early as the 3rd century BC.Moore 1950, pp. 99–101Froriep 1986, p. 46Schörner 2000, pp. 33–35 The Romans under Trajan too secured the entrance to the Red Sea with sluice gates, while they extended the canal south to the height of modern Cairo in order to improve its water inflow.Schörner 2000, pp. 36 The existence of ancient pound locks to bridge height gaps has been proposed by a number of authors,Moore 1950, pp. 98ff.Schörner 2000, pp. 39 but in the absence of clear archaeological evidence the question seems to be permanently undecided.Wikander 2000, p. 326

Canals By chronological order:

Italy Construction date Connection Canal type Comment Refs. 2nd century BC South of line Modena–Parma Drainage Built by Marcus Aemilius Scaurus to drain lower Po area White 1984, pp. 227–229, table 6 2nd century BC Bologna, Piacenza and Cremona areas Drainage Built by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus to drain lower Po area 1st century BC Forum Appii–Terracina Drainage For dewatering Pomptine Marshes; navigated when Via Appia unusable by mule-towing Wikander 2000, pp. 328–330 Late 1st century BC Ferrara–Padua Inland to coast Built by Augustus to link Ravenna and Po estuary (Fossa Augusta) Before late 1st century AD Fossa Flavia, Fossa Carbonaria, Fossa Philistina, Fossa Clodia Drainage According to Pliny the Elder for draining Po estuary; erosion and siltation renders modern identification impossible

Gaul Construction date Connection Canal type Comment Refs. 101 BC Rhone–Fos-sur-Mer (Fossa Mariana) Inland to coast Built by Marius across Crau plain for supplying his positions around Arles in his campaign against Teutons ? Narbonne–Aude Inland to coast Made Narbonne accessible from Mediterranean; 13 km long

Germania Construction date Connection Canal type Comment Refs. 12 BC Rhine–IJssel (Fossa Drusiana) Inland to coast For quick deployment of troops to the Frisian coast, avoiding the dangerous passage on the North Sea off the mouth of the Rhine; 14 km long c. 9 BC Rhine dyke Inland Built by Drusus the Elder to retain sufficient water to navigate his Fossa Drusiana; demolished by revolting Civilis in 70 AD 47 AD Rhine–Meuse (Fossa Corbulonis) Inland Allowed to navigate both rivers without sailing into North Sea; c. 35 km long

Britain Construction date Connection Canal type Comment Refs. c. 1st century AD River Cam–River Ouse (Car Dyke) Drainage Land reclamation in Fenland; also navigated ? River Ouse–River Nene Drainage ? River Nene–River Witham ? ? River Witham–River Trent ? Foss Dyke still in use ? Bourne-Morton Canal Navigation

Egypt Construction date Connection Canal type Comment Refs. No later than 112 AD Nile–Red Sea (Ancient Suez Canal) Inland to coast As the older Ptolemaic channel, which was the first to use locks,Schörner 2000, pp. 33f. Trajan's canal linked Mediterranean and Red Sea not directly, but via the Nile. Unlike the Greek channel, though, which branched off the Pelusiac arm, the Roman canal started off the main branch of the Nile at Babylon, 60 km to the south. It joined the Ptolemaic dyke at Belbeis, eventually discharging into the Gulf of Suez at Arsinoe. Schörner 2000, pp. 36f.

Moesia Construction date Connection Canal type Comment Refs. 101 AD Danube bypass canal Inland To safely negotiate the cataracts of the Iron Gate; once traceable on Serbian bank (Sip) on a length of 3,220 m Tudor 1974, p. 38Serban 2009, p. 333 2nd–6th century AD Danube bypass canal Inland According to Procopius for allowing the safe passage past the remains of Trajan's Bridge which obstructed river navigation; dug on Serbian side (Kladovo) Tudor 1974, pp. 68f., 80

Projected canals In the following, Roman canal projects which were never completed for various reasons are listed.

Planning date Connection Canal type Comment Refs. c. 54–68 AD Rome–Ostia Inland to coast Planned by Nero c. 54–68 AD Puteoli–Ostia Inland to coast Starting from Lake Avernus near Puteoli, it was intended by Nero to run parallel to Mediterranean; length upon completion would have been 160 Roman miles c. 54–68 AD Isthmus of Corinth (modern Corinth Canal) Coast to coast To avoid long and dangerous circumnavigation of the Peloponnese peninsula; several abandoned building projects in antiquity aimed at replacing Diolkos trackway; serious work begun by Nero, but aborted after his death Grewe 2008, pp. 333–336 55 AD Saône–Moselle (modern Canal de l'Est) Inland Another ambitious project: would have connected Mediterranean Sea with North Sea via Rhone, Saône, Moselle and Rhine; presupposes capacity to construct pound locks though, for which there is as yet no certain evidence; yet, plan finally dropped not due to technological reasons, but political intrigues 111 AD Lake Sapanca–Sea of Marmara Inland to coast For facilitating transfer of inland produce to seaside; subject of correspondence between governor Pliny the Younger and emperor Trajan; would have required to overcome difference in height of 32 m Froriep 1986, pp. 39–50

See also Record-holding canals in antiquity

References

Sources Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen", Antike Welt, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 Grewe, Klaus (2008): "Tunnels and Canals", in: Oleson, John Peter (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, pp. 319–336, Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal", Skyllis, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 Serban, Marko (2009): "Trajan’s Bridge over the Danube", The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 331–342 Tudor, D. (1974): Les ponts romains du Bas-Danube, Bibliotheca Historica Romaniae Études, Vol. 51, Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, pp. 47–134 White, K. D. (1984): Greek and Roman Technology, London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 110–112; 227–229, table 6 Wikander, Charlotte (2000): "Canals", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.): Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, Vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 321–330,

Further reading Redmount, Carol A. (1995): "The Wadi Tumilat and the 'Canal of the Pharaohs'", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 127–135 Smith, N.A.F. (1977/78): "Roman Canals", Transactions of the Newcomen Society, Vol. 49, pp. 75–86

External links

Livius.org: Fossa Drusiana Livius.org: Fossa Corbulonis Telegraph.co.uk: 'Biggest Canal Ever Built by Romans' Discovered