Polyanski (), also transliterated as Polyanskiy or Polyansky, is a Russian surname (the female form being Polyanskaya, ). People with this surname include:
Pavel Lebedev-Polianskii (1888–1948), Russian Bolshevik writer Dmitry Polyansky (1917–2001), former Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anatoly Polyansky (1928–1993), Russian architect Valery Polyansky (born 1949), a Russian choral and orchestral conductor Igor Nikolaevich Polyansky (born 1967), Russian swimmer, living in New Zealand Dmitry Polyanski (born 1986), Russian triathlete, husband of Anastasiya Polyanskaya Anastasiya Polyanskaya (born 1989), Ukrainian triathlete, wife of Dmitry Polyanski Lyubov Polyanskaya (born 1989), Russian triathlete Igor Andreyevich Polyanski (born 1990), Russian triathlete, the younger brother of Dmitry Polyanski Stepan Polyansky (1913–1943), Soviet officer