John Gerald "Gerry" FitzGerald (December 9, 1882, in Drayton, Ontario – June 20, 1940) was a Canadian physician and public health specialist who was instrumental in the control of diphtheria, first by producing and freely distributing antitoxin, and then in 1924 by using mass production to enable widespread use of the vaccine devised by Gaston Ramon.
FitzGerald, the son of a pharmacist,Dr. John Gerald FitzGerald at the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame, retrieved May 29, 2010. attended the University of Toronto Medical School, graduating in 1903. He initially studied psychiatry, and did internships at Johns Hopkins Hospital and Sheppard Pratt before becoming the clinical director and chief pathologist of the Toronto Asylum for the Insane in 1907, where he worked under Charles Kirk Clarke.The Troubled Healer, by James FitzGerald, in UofT Magazine, Spring 2002. In 1909, he spent a year at Harvard University studying bacteriology, and in 1910 he married heiress Edna Leonard; they spent their honeymoon traveling Europe, where he worked with Emile Roux at the Pasteur Institute.
In 1913, he became an associate professor of hygiene at the University of Toronto, in which position he prepared Canada's first locally made rabies vaccine, by James FitzGerald, from the Medical Post, archived at Canadians for Health Research ("Future Health"), Winter 2000. and in early 1914, he used money from his wife's inheritance to found the University of Toronto Anti-Toxin Laboratories (renamed Connaught Laboratories in 1917), where he produced diphtheria antitoxins distributed without charge (funded by the Ontario government): "within reach of everyone".Connaught and the Defeat of Diphtheria, by Christopher J. Rutty, Ph.D, originally published in CONNTACT, the Connaught Employee Newsletter, in February 1996 (Vol. 9 No. 1), archived at Health Heritage Research.
In 1921, the Ontario Royal Commission on University Finances reported that "the work of the Connaught Antitoxin Laboratories is analogous to that done in the Pasteur Institutes in France and Belgium and to that of the Lister Institute in London, with this advantage on the side of these Laboratories that the Connaught Antitoxin Laboratories are an organic part of the University, are self-supporting and provide funds and facilities for research in Preventive Medicine and also opportunity for graduate teaching in Public Health." That same year in the physiology laboratory two floors above FitzGerald's Connaught Labs office, Frederick Banting and Charles Best under the auspices of John Macleod successfully extracted insulin from the pancreas of dogs, fetal calves, and adult cows. In particular, Banting's experimental work with calf pancreas tissue took place at Connaught's farm site, where calves were involved in smallpox vaccine production. FitzGerald had arranged access to Connaught's modest facilities, along with $5,000 from the Labs' reserves, to expedite the team's work. In the months that followed, the researchers worked to refine the extracts to a degree safe for human injection with the help of biochemist James Collip. When tensions mounted during this time between the four "co-discovers" of insulin, FitzGerald stepped in as peacemaker to prepare a seminal research and development agreement between the Connaught Laboratories and the researchers. It established two key conditions: 1) that the collaborators would sign a contract agreeing not to take out a patent with a commercial pharmaceutical firm during an initial working period with Connaught; and 2) that no changes in the research policy would be allowed unless first discussed among FitzGerald and the four collaborators.
In 1927, FitzGerald founded the University of Toronto's School of Hygiene with sponsorship from the Rockefeller Foundation. In 1931, the Foundation hired him as Scientific Director of their International Health Division (a position he retained until 1934), and in 1932 the University of Toronto named him Dean of Medicine (a position he retained until 1936).Great Teachers from our Past at the University of Toronto. In 1936, he spent a year traveling the world, assessing medical schools in 24 countries for the League of Nations.
Death On June 20, 1940, FitzGerald committed suicide by severing the femoral artery in his thigh. His funeral was held at the University of Toronto's Convocation Hall; Frederick Banting and Charles Best were among his pallbearers.
The University of Toronto's FitzGerald Building, home of several departments associated with the faculty of medicine, is named for him,The University of Toronto: A History by Martin L. Friedland, 2002, University of Toronto Press, "the FitzGerald building, named for John FitzGerald, founder of the Connaught Laboratories and the School of Hygiene", p. 670. as is the FitzGerald Academy, a network of hospitals and health agencies providing undergraduate medical training.FitzGerald Academy at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine
In 2004, he was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.
In 2010, FitzGerald's grandson, historian and author James FitzGerald, published the Hilary Weston Writers' Trust Prize for Nonfiction-winning What Disturbs Our Blood, a family biography detailing the medical accomplishments of two generations of FitzGeralds, and the mental illnesses which led to their suicides.Turbulent family history fascinating, maddening by Duncan McMonagle at the Winnipeg Free Press, May 15, 2010, retrieved May 29, 2010.
References
External links
Dr. John Gerald FitzGerald, a Heritage Minute Obituary in the British Medical Journal Obituary in the Journal of the American Medical Association John Gerald FitzGerald archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services