Conservative variants of feminism

Some variants of feminism are considered more conservative than others. Historically, feminist scholars tend to not have much interest in conservative women. By the 21st century, there have been efforts at greater scholarly analysis of these women and their views.Power, Margaret. "More than mere pawns: Right-wing women in Chile." Journal of Women's History 16, no. 3 (2004): 138-151.Guy-Meakin, Amelia. "Augusto Pinochet and the Support of Chilean Right-Wing Women." E-International Relations Students (2012).Nielsen, Kim E. "Doing the" right" right." Journal of Women's History 16, no. 3 (2004): 168-172.

List Note Because almost any variant of feminism can have a conservative element, this list does not attempt to list variants of feminism simply with conservative elements. Instead, this list is of feminism variants that are primarily conservative. It may include organizations or individuals where conservative variants of feminism are more readily identified that way, but is primarily a list of variants per se. Generally, organizations and people related to a particular variant of feminism should not be included in this list but should be found by following links to articles about the variants of feminism with which such organizations and people are associated. Conservative feminism (in addition to various variants of feminism in this list that are conservative): Katherine Kersten objects "that in many of their endeavors women continue to face greater obstacles to their success than men do", citing Kersten, Katherine, What Do Women Want?: A Conservative Feminists Manifesto. , in Policy Review (1991). thus acknowledging that sexism exists, and does not reject feminism entirely but draws on a classical feminist tradition, for example Margaret Fuller. Kersten advocates for conservative feminism based on equality and justice defined alike for women and men and acknowledgment of historical and present injustice suffered by women. She also advocates building on Western ideals and institutions, with reform pursued slowly and cautiously and accepting that human failings mean that perfection is unattainable. Her concerns include crime and violence against women, cultural popular media's degradation of women, noncommittal sex, and poverty's feminization, but opposing affirmative action and class action litigation. Sarah Palin "made her case for conservative feminism" in 2010, at a meeting of the Susan B. Anthony List. Richard A. Posner "suggest[s]" "'conservative feminism' .... is ... the idea that women are entitled to political, legal, social, and economic equality to men, in the framework of a lightly regulated market economy." cited in Posner tentatively argues for taxing housewives' at-home unpaid work to reduce a barrier to paid outside work, and (without the rationale about reducing a barrier). also argued by D. Kelly Weisberg to be rooted in a Marxist feminist argument for waged housework, and argues for sex being a factor in setting wages and benefits in accordance with productivity, health costs with pregnancy, on-the-job safety, and longevity for pensions. Posner is against comparable worth among private employers, against no-fault divorce, in favour of surrogate motherhood by binding contract, against rape even in the form of non-violent sex,; also see p. 203 (date and marital rape). and for a possibility that pornography may either incite rape or substitute for it. Posner does not argue for or against an abortion right, arguing instead for a possibility but not a certainty that the fetus is "a member of society"; this is because she says libertarianism and economics do not say one way or the other. (libertarians being "conservatives in the classical liberal tradition of Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill ..., Herbert Spencer ... and Milton Friedman", per id., p. 191. Posner argues that the differences between the genders on average include women's lesser aggressiveness and greater child-centeredness, and has "no quarrel" with law being empathetic to "all marginal groups." Maternal feminism Equity feminism Individualist feminism was cast to appeal to "younger women ... of a more conservative generation", and includes concepts from Rene Denfeld and Naomi Wolf, essentially that "feminism should no longer be about communal solutions to communal problems but individual solutions to individual problems", and concepts from Wendy McElroy. Evangelical Protestant Christian pro-feminism:

The National Woman's Party in the U.S. was led by Alice Paul, described as articulating a "narrow and conservative version of feminism". New conservative feminism, or backlash feminism, is arguably anti-feminist, and is represented by Betty Friedan in The Second Stage and Jean Bethke Elshtain in Public Man, Private Woman and anticipated by Alice Rossi, A Biosocial Perspective on Parenting.Rossi, Alice, A Biosocial Perspective on Parenting, in Daedalus 106 (special issue on the family, Spring, 1977), as cited in . These authors do not necessarily agree with each other on all major points. According to Judith Stacey, new conservative feminism rejects the politicization of sexuality, supports families, gender differentiation, femininity, and mothering, and deprioritizes opposition to male domination. Old conservative feminism or domestic feminism, from the 19th century. citing, e.g., Epstein, Barbara Leslie, The Politics of Domesticity: Women, Evangelism, and Temperance in Nineteenth-Century America (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1981), Sklar, Kathryn Kish, Catharine Beecher: A Study in American Domesticity (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1973), & DuBois, Ellen Carol, Feminism and Suffrage: The Emergence of an Independent Women's Movement in America, 1848–1869 (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1978). Postfeminism Reactionary feminism, emphasizes traditional gender roles, heteronormativity, and the family as solutions to women's socio-economic challenges. Reactionary feminists argue that progressive politics deny biologically based, evolutionarily determined differences between men and women. Many reactionary feminists are anti-abortion. They align with aspects of maternal feminism and reject the sexual revolution. Right-wing feminism, or balanced feminism, includes the work of Independent Women's Forum, Feminists for Life of America, and ifeminists.net headed by Wendy McElroy. It generally draws on principles of first-wave feminism, and against both post-feminism and academic or radical feminism, the latter being defined to include left and progressive politics, not only feminism based on gender oppression. Right-wing feminism supports both motherhood and women having careers, and both individuality and biological determinism; it accepts gender equality in careers while believing that numerical equality will naturally not occur in all occupations. State feminism Carceral feminism Imperial feminism The Women's Equity Action League (WEAL) was formed originally by some of the more conservative members of the National Organization for Women (NOW) when NOW was viewed as radical. The members who founded WEAL focused on employment and education, and shunned issues of contraception and abortion. Its founders called it a "'conservative NOW'". Its methods were "conventional", especially lobbying and lawsuits. The departures from NOW left NOW freer to pursue reproductive freedom and the Equal Rights Amendment.

In the 21tst-century United Kingdom, it is common for prominent women in the Conservative Party to declare that they are feminists; this trend began with Theresa May wearing a T-shirt by the Fawcett Society emblazoned with the words "This is What a Feminist Looks Like". British female Conservative parliamentarians says that they are feminists and claim feminist justification, while advocating a range of policies, from equal career opportunities for women to, in the case of Anna Soubry and others, opposing pornography. The Conservative MP Nadine Dorries has even put forward a feminist argument for restricting abortion.

Conservative variants of feminism

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