The Shamkhalate of Tarki, or Tarki Shamkhalate (also Shawhalate, or Shevkalate; ) was a Kumyk state in the eastern part of the North Caucasus, with its capital in the ancient town of Tarki.Упоминается в VIII веке в It formed on the territory populated by KumyksБольшая советская энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1969—1978. Цитата: феодальное владение в северо-восточной части Дагестана с центром Тарки. Образовалось в конце 15 в. на территории, населённой кумыками and included territories corresponding to modern Dagestan and adjacent regions. After subjugation by the Russian Empire, the Shamkhalate's lands were split between the Empire's feudal domain with the same name extending from the river Sulak to the southern borders of Dagestan, between Kumyk possessions of the Russian Empire and other administrative units.
At some point the Shamkhalate had vassals from the Caspian Sea to Kabarda and Balkaria. The Shamkhals also possessed the title of the Vali of Dagestan and had their residence in the ancient Khazar-Kumyk mountainous shelter.Страница 58, 293 и другие. Белокуров С. А. Сношения России с Кавказом. — Выпуск 1-й. 1578—1613 гг. — М.: Университетская тип., 1889. — 715 с.
Annexation of the Tarki Shamkhalate and other territories of Dagestan by Russia was concluded by the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813. In 1867, the feudal domain of the Shamkhalate was abolished, and on its territory the Temir-Khan-Shura (now Buynaksk) district of Dagestan Oblast was established.Шамхалы тарковские, ССКГ. 1868. Вып. 1. С. 58.
During the 1580–1590s, the Shamkhalate was officially a part of the Ottoman Empire. Since the 16th century, the state was a major figure of Russian politics to the southern borders, as it was the main target and obstacle in conquering the Caucasian region.
Emergence of Shamkhalate
Arab version According to records from Arab sources, the Shamkhalate emerged in the year 734, when Arab conqueror Abu-Muslim appointed one of his generals named "Shakhbal" to rule over the "Kumuh region". This version is based upon "Derbend-name" source, which is by itself not known to have a certain author and has many anonymous undated versions. The most recent authored version is of the 16th century.
Critics of the Arab version V. Bartold also stated that the term "Shamkhal" is a later form of the original form "Shawkhal", which is mentioned both in the Russian and Persian (Nizam ad-Din Shami and Sheref ad-din Yezdi) sources.Бартольд В.В. Сочинения. Т.III. Работы по исторической географии - Монография. М.: Наука, 1965 - С.412-413. Dagestani historian Shikhsaidov wrote that the version claiming Arab descent was in favor of the dynasty and clerics (the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad).Шихсаидов А. Р. Дагестан в X—XIV вв. Махачкала, 1975. A. Kandaurov wrote that the Arab version was elaborated by the Shamkhals themselves. Also, the title Shamkhals is not mentioned in the works of the Medieval Arabic historians and geographers.Гусейнов Г-Р. А-К. Шавхал (Вопросы этимологии)// КНКО: Вести. Вып. № 6-7, 2001, Махачкала.
Turkic-Kumyk version Among the supporters of the Turkic version of the creation of the Shamkhalian state is Lak historian Ali al-Ghumuqi:Али Каяев. Материалы по истории лаков. Рук. фонд. ИИЯЛ, д. 1642.Советская Этнография, Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1953 Цитата: Отдельные селения аварцев входили в ...кумыкское шамхальство Тарковское, кумыкское ханство Мехтулинское...
It was supported by Turkish historian Fahreddin Kirzioglu,Çelik (Fahrettin M.). Kızılalmanın Türesini Yaşatan Şamkallar’ın Soyu // Çinaraltı, 1942, No.30, 31, 33 the early 20th century historian D. H. Mamaev,"История Кавказа и селения Карабудахкент" Джамалутдина-Хаджи Карабудахкентского / Под редакцией Г. М.-Р. Оразаева. Махачкала: ООО "Центр-полиграф", 2001. Halim Gerey Sultan,Halim Gerey Soltan. Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, № 221. Temmuz-Agustots 1997. Muhammed Efendi,Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. (Ahmet Cevdet. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, № 221. Temmuz-Agustot. 1997. S. 28) «После поражения Миран-Шаха от Аи Коюнлу кумыки "получили свою независимость, избрала себе хана из роди Чингизхана, которого величали по-своему "шаухал"» and others. Dagestanian historian R. Magomedov stated that:Магомедов Р.М. Общественно-экономический и политический строй Дагестана в XVIII – начале XIX веков. Махачкала: Дагкнигоиздат, 1957. С. 145. «все основания отнести этот термин к Золотой Орде, нежели арабам. Можно считать, что правитель кумыков в период господства татаро-монгол ими выдвинут в этот сан»
Russian professor of oriental studies, the Doctor of Historical Sciences I. Zaytsev, also shared the opinion that the Shamkhalate was a Kumyk state with the capital in the town of Kumuk (written thus in medieval sources). While studying works of the Timurid historians Nizam ad-Din Shami and Sheref ad-din Yezdi, Soviet historians V. RomaskevichСборник материалов, относящихся к истории Золотой Орды, том II. Извлечения из персидских сочинений, собранные В. Г. Тизенгаузеном. М.-Л. АН СССР. 1941 and S. Volin, and Uzbek historian Ashraf Ahmedov,Шараф ад-Дин Йазди. Упоминание о походе счастливого Сахибкирана в Симсим и на крепости неверных, бывших там // Зафар-наме (Книга побед Амира Темура (сер. XV в.), в варианте перевода с персидского на староузбекский Муххамадом Али ибн Дарвеш Али Бухари (XVI в.)) / Пер. со староузбек., предисл., коммент., указатели и карта А. Ахмедова. — Академия наук Республики Узбекистан. Институт востоковедения имени Абу Райхана Беруни. — Ташкент: «SAN’AT», 2008. - С.421 as well as professor in Alan studies O. Bubenok,О. Б. Бубенок - АЛАНЫ-АСЫ В ЗОЛОТОЙ ОРДЕ (XIII-XV ВВ.) ; Нац. акад. наук Украины, Ин-т востоковедения им. А. Крымского call Gazi-Kumuk (also Gazi-Kumukluk in medieval sources) call the Shamkhalate area as the lands of Kumyks.
Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi called the Shamkhal "a natural Oghuz".Эвлия Челеби. Книга путешествий. Выпуск 2. — М., 1979. — С. 794. One of the arguments of the Turkic version is that Shamkhals were elected in the way that is traditional for Turkic peoples — tossing a red apple.Gulbin-i-Hanan. XVII y. (Ahmet Cevdet. Kirim ve Kafkas Tarihcesi // Emel, No. 221. Temmuz-Agustot. 1997. Ancient pre-Muslim names of the Kumuk [today Kumukh] inhabitants, as fixed in Khuduk inscription — Budulay, Ahsuwar, Chupan and othersАликберов А. К. Эпоха классического ислама на Кавказе: Абу Бакр ад-Дарбанди и его суфийская энциклопедия «Райхан ал-хака’ик» (XI—XII вв.) / А. К. Аликберов. Ответственный редактор С. М. Прозоров — М.: Вост. лит., 2003. — are of Turkic origin.К.С. Кадыраджиев. Проблемы сравнительно-исторического изучения кумыкского и тюркского языков. Махачкала, ДГПУ, 1998 - 366с. On the graves of the Shamkhals in Kumukh there are Turkic inscriptions, as noted by professor of Caucasian studies L. Lavrov.Лавров Л.И -Эпиграфические памятники Северного Кавказа на арабском, персидском и турецком языках. Памятники письменности Востока. - Москва: Наука - 1966 - The grave itself was called by the locals "Semerdalian" after the Khazar city of Semender;Булатова А.Г. Лакцы. Историко-этнографические очерки. Махачкала, 1971 the gravestones there are patterned in a Kipchak style.Шихсаидов А.Р - Эпиграфические памятники Дагестана - М., 1985 In the "Maza chronicle" Shamkhals are described as "a branch of the Khan-Hakhan generations". Nizam ad-Din Shami Yezdi in his 14th-century Timurid chronicle The Book of Triumph and Sheref ad-din Yezdi mentioned the land as Gazi-Kumukluk, where the suffix "luk" is a Turkic linguistic sign.К.С. Кадыраджиев. Проблемы сравнительно-исторического изучения кумыкского и тюрского языков. Махачкала, ДГПУ, 1998 - 366с. The ruler of Andi people Ali-Beg, who founded a new ruling dynasty, also had a title of "Shamkhal".Повествование об Али-Беке Андийском и его победе над Турулавом б. Али-Ханом Баклулальским как источник по истории Дагестана XVII века// Общественный строй союзов сельских общин Дагестана в XVIII - начале XIX веков. Махачкала, 1981. С. 132 According to the local story, starting from Ali-Beg until Khadjik, the rulers of their land spoke in the "language of the plains", i.e. Kumyk.Повествование об Али-Беке Андийском и его победе над Турулавом б. Али-Ханом Баклулальским как источник по истории Дагестана XVII века// Общественный строй союзов сельских общин Дагестана в XVIII - начале XIX веков. Махачкала, 1981. С. 132
Jamalutdin-haji Mamaev in the beginning of the 20th century wrote:"История Кавказа и селения Карабудахкент" Джамалутдина-Хаджи Карабудахкентского / Под редакцией Г. М.-Р. Оразаева. Махачкала: ООО "Центр-полиграф", 2001. С. 55
According to French historian Chantal Lemercier-Quelquejay, Shamkhalate was dominated by the Turkic Kumyks, and the Lak people hold the honorable title of Gazis (because of the earlier adoption of Islam).Шанталь Лемерсье-Келкеже. Социальная, политическая и религиозная структура Северного Кавказа в XVI в. // Восточная Европа средневековья и раннего нового времени глазами французских исследователей. Казань. 2009. С.272-294. Apart from that, the Shamkhalate had a feudal class of Karachi-beks, a title exclusively related to Mongol-Turkic states.
Piano Karpini mentioned from his travels that Khazaria and Lak, even before falling in the hands of the "Western Tatars", belonged to the Cumans:Кавказ: европейские дневники XIII–XVIII веков / Сост. В. Аталиков. - Нальчик: Издательство М. и В. Котляровых, 2010. 304 с., стр. 6-7
Vasily Bartold also stated that the Arabic version is a compilation by local historians trying to merge legends with history.
The original population of the "Kazi-Kumykskiy" possession, as wrote F. Somonovich in 1796, were Dagestan Tatars (Kumyks). After the resettlement of some Lezginian peoples from Gilan province of Persia, under the rule of Shamkhal, the population mixed, and the power of Shamkhal decreased, and the new population formed their own Khanate independent of the Shamkhal dynasty:Описание Южного Дагестана Федором Симоновичем в 1796 году
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History
16th–17th centuries
Relations with Russia In 1556 diplomatic relations with the Moscow state were set. The peaceful embassy of shamkhal brought Ivan the Terrible a number of rich gifts, one of which was extraordinary: an elephant, not seen up to that time in Moscow.С. А. Белокуров. Сношения России с Кавказом — М., 1888. 4.1. С. 29, 58-60. Shamkhal's envoy to Russia had no success as in 1557 prince Temruk Idar of Kabardia asked Ivan the Terrible to help him against the raids of shevkalski tsar (shamkhal), Crimean khan and the Turks. Ivan the Terrible sent his general Cheremisov who took over Tarki but decided not to remain there.ПСРЛ. Т. XIII. 2-я пол. С. 324, 330.Р. Г. Маршаев. Казикумухское шамхальство в русско-турецких отношениях во второй половине XVI — начале XVII вв. — М., 1963
Russian fortresses In 1566 prince Matlov of Kabarda asked the Moscow tsar to put a fortress at the confluence of the Sunzha and Terek. For the construction of the fortress "came princes Andrew Babichev and Peter Protasiev with many people, guns and musket". In 1567 trying to prevent the Russians to build their stronghold at the mouth of the Sunzha, Budai-shamkhal and his son Surkhay were killed on the battlefield as evidenced by their tombstones at the cemetery of shamkhals in Gazi-Kumukh.
In 1569 prince Chopan, son of Budai-shamkhal, was elected shamkhal. Territory of Chopan-shamkhal in the north extended beyond Terek river and adjoined the Khanate of Astrakhan. In the west his territory included part of Chechnya up to Kabarda. In the south, territories of Chopan-shamkhal extended "up to Shemakha itself" according to I. Gerber.В. Г. Гаджиев. Сочинение И. Г. Гербера «Описание стран и народов между Астраханью и рекою Курою находящихся» как исторический источник по истории народов Кавказа. – М., Наука, 1979.