Noureddin Kianouri

Noureddin Kianouri (; 1915–1999) was an Iranian construction engineer, urban planner, professor of Bauakademie der DDR in Berlin,Stealing of his professor's certificate of Bauakademie der DDR and all other documents in time of arrest, ... citation from protest letter to revolution Leader Seyyed 'Ali Chamene'iSelbstbehauptung von Bruno Flierl, Abteilung : 1952 - In die Gesellschaft eingetreten, Produktive Jahre und Politische KonflikteBruno Flierl Kritisch denken für Architektur und Gesellschaft Arbeitsbiografie und Werkdokumentation 1948-2017, C2.1 13 Zusammen mit Silvio Macetti. Bemerkungen zu dem Buch „Stadt und Lebensweise“ von G.A. Gradow (Moskau). Brief nach Moskau,12. September 1968, Macetti (N. K.), Silvio 53, 104, 124, 181Wohnen. Computer. :4.4.8. Exkurs: Macettis »Großwohneinheiten« (1968) als Blaupause für Kaisers Konzept?, Oliver Sukrow, Doktorand am Institut für Europäische Kunstgeschichte der Universität Heidelberg & Assistant Professor at Vienna Technical University, seite 278 and a communist political leader. He studied first at the University of Tehran until 1934جنبش چپ ایران نیز تا حد زیادی توسط دانشجویان این دانشکده شکل گرفت. نورالدین کیانوری، دبیر اول حزب توده، از نخستین ورودی‌های این دانشکده بود؛ و حسین جودت و رضا رادمنش، از اعضای کادر مرکزی حزب توده، هر دو استاد علوم پایه مهندسی در دانشکدگان فنی دانشگاه تهران بودند. پردیس دانشکده‌های فنی دانشگاه تهران از ویکی‌پدیا، دانشنامهٔ آزاد and later in Germany from 1934 to 1939. Before his return to Iran he practiced architecture as well, though he is mostly remembered as a construction engineer in the Munich office of Philipp Holzmann.کیانوری، نورالدین (1294 ـ 15 مرداد 1377) - سازمان بهشت زهرا (س)https://beheshtezahra.tehran.ir ›DNB KATALOG DER DEUTSCHEN NATIONALBIBLIOTHEK, http://d-nb.info/570443911, Krankenhausbau für Iran, Kia-Nouri, Noureddin (Verfasser), (51 gez. Bl. : mit eingekl. Abb., 2 Taf., 5 Pl.; 4 [Maschinenschr.]), Aachen, Techn. H., Diss., 1942 (Nicht f. d. Austausch), Deutsch (ger), Erscheinungsdatum: , Signatur: Di 1942 B 1158 Bereitstellung in Leipzig, Inhaltsverzeichnis : https://d-nb.info/570443911/04 About a year after foundation of the Tudeh Party he joined the party with the membership number 444 in May 1942. Later he became one of the influential members of the Central Committee for the communist Tudeh Party, Following the 1953 Iranian coup d'état the party was banned and Kianouri was imprisoned. He fled, and lived in Italy and later East Germany; under the pseudonym "Dr. Silvio Macetti" he was an influential architect and theorist of socialist architecture and city planning.New Perspectives on the II CIAM onwards: How Does Housing Build Cities? Prof. Chiara Monterumisi École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ..., PhD Arch. Alessandro Porotto Delft University of Technology

After his second return to Iran following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, he continued his political activities and acted as the Tudeh party's general secretary from 1979 to 1984. Again he came under scrutiny, and again the party was banned. Kianouri was arrested and tortured (and so was his wife), and read a forced confession on national TV. He was released and placed under house arrest, and died on 5 November 1999.

History Family and education Kianouri was born in Nur, Iran Province Mazandaran. he was son of Shaikh Mehdi Nuri Mazandarani and Zahrā Solṭāni Nuri Mazandarani. His grandfather Sheikh Fazlollah Noori, and great-grandfather was Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi. His father Shaikh Mehdi was assassinated six months before Kianouri's birth (Kiānuri, 1992, pp. 33–36). Dr. Aḵhtar kianouri his greater sister was one of founder of women's organizations in Iran and her marriage in 1925 to the prominent communist Abdossamad Kambakhsh had a lasting effect on kianouri's political orientation. His much older sister Aḵtar, too, later became a prominent member of the Tudeh party (Kianouri, 1992, pp. 38–39). His family connection with Abdossamad Kambakhsh later also facilitated Kianouri's close.

After attending the University of Tehran, he was trained in Germany, and graduated from the University of Aachen in 1939. His thesis was on the Healthcare & Hospital Constructions in Iran. After completing his high school education at Dār al-Fonun (q.v.), Kiānuri entered the Engineering Faculty of the newly founded University of Tehran (see FACULTIES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN) in September 1934 (Kiānuri, 1942, p. 52). At the university, he became acquainted with leftist students and briefly participated in a Marxist reading circle, but he was not affiliated with the “Group of Fifty-Three” (Goruh-e panjāh o se nafar), a circle of leftist intellectuals led by Taqi Arāni (q.v.) that gained much publicity after its members were detained by the authorities in 1937 (Kiānuri, 1992, pp. 55–56). In 1935, Kianouri left Iran for Germany to commence his undergraduate studies in architecture at the Technische Hochschule Aachen (Technical University of Aachen). He initially received financial support from his brother and from a cousin residing in Aachen. After two years of study, he was able to secure a scholarship from the Iranian Ministry of Roads (Kianouri, 1992, pp. 58–59). In November 1938, he received his diploma (HArch, 1368a). Shortly thereafter, he was employed by the Philipp Holzmann Company in Munich, a German firm commissioned to build a new hospital for the University of Tehran Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex -before Iranian Revolution called 1000 beds hospital that is the biggest hospital in Iran- (Kianouri, 1992, p. 59). At the same time, he began working on his civil engineering doctoral thesis "Krankenhausbau für Iran, Der heutige Stand und die Neuordnung der Volksgesundheits-und Kranken-Fürsorge in Iran"DNB KATALOG DER DEUTSCHEN NATIONALBIBLIOTHEK, http://d-nb.info/570443911, Krankenhausbau für Iran, Kia Nouri, Noureddin (Verfasser), Erscheinungsdatum: , (51 gez. Bl. : mit eingekl. Abb., 2 Taf., 5 Pl.; 4 [Maschinenschr.]), Aachen, Techn. H., Diss., 1942 (Nicht f. d. Austausch), Deutsch (ger), Signatur: Di 1942 B 1158 Bereitstellung in Leipzig, Inhaltsverzeichnis : https://d-nb.info/570443911/04HOSPITAL ARCHITECTURE BEYOND THE ‘WEST’ Annmarie Adams, Dr. r. Sara Honarmand Ebrahimi [email protected] “Canadian hospital architecture: how we got here,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 188, no. 5 (March 2016): 370-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.151233, ...Let us consider similar publications on healthcare architecture in a country like Iran. The first book published in Persian on healthcare architecture by the German-trained Iranian architect, Nouradin Kianouri, in 1949 has completely been neglected, if not forgotten all together. Indeed, we know nothing about the history of healthcare architecture in twentieth-century Iran. In other words, we do not know ‘how we got here’...”. (The Construction of Hospitals for Iran), which focused on the medical infrastructure in Iran. He successfully defended his thesis at the Technische Hochschule Aachen in September 1939 (Kianouri, 1942, p. 52; HArch, 1368b).

Return from German Reich to Imperial State of Persia 1939 In the early 1940s he married feminist and communist activist Maryam Firouz daughter of Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma; at the time he taught structure at Tehran University. Throughout the period he had an active political and professional life, and was one of the few educated Iranian construction engineers and architects in 1940's. He was one of the first members of the Association of Iranian Architects (1945), which was placed in charge of major housing developments in the city of Tehran. The Association put in place the guidelines of the Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne, and translated them into "building codes, regulations, and protocols that had the fundamental role in shaping the Middle East's first modern metropolis". Kianouri was described as a "key figure", who formulated the organization's theoretical and ideological mission statements. On the political side, he joined the Tudeh Party in 1942 about a year after its foundation, and was a member of the Tudeh Party's central committee in 1945, one of the party's "key figures".

Association of Iranian Architects (1945–1955) On 29 September 1941, within a month of Reza Shah’s abdication, a group of recent graduates from European universities and former political activists announced the formation of an Iranian communist party: the Tudeh Party (the Party of the Masses). Besides their political activities in the form of demonstrations and gatherings, they set out to train and educate the public, specifically the working and middle classes. During 1946 the Tudeh Party extended its activities with a view to mobilizing middle-class, working-class, and intellectuals. The mission resulted in the formation of numerous groups, circles, and clubs as sympathizers of the Tudeh Party or associated organizations, namely Women’s Association, Youth Association, Officers’ Organization, Students’ Association, Writers’ Association, and Association of Iranian Architects. The role of Association of Iranian Architects was quite fundamental; the discourse of domesticity was at the centre of their political programme to mobilize urban society, addressing women (workers) in particular as a forgotten half of the active political mass. Their ideology was influential in the design and construction of mass housing projects in Tehran during the late 1940s and 1950s. The association launched its own journal, Architect, in order to reach a larger audience. It soon became quite popular and were distributed countrywide.

The association was composed of figures who collaborated with Gabriel Guevrekian or were introduced to his discourse as young students in Europe. The founding members were Vartan Hovanessian (Guevrekian's collaboratorand graduate from École Spéciale d'Architecture of Paris in 1923), Mohsen Foroughi (graduate from École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1934), Ali Sadeghe (graduate from Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels in 1936), Keyghobad Zafar (graduate from Royal College of Art in London 1936), Manouchehr Khorsand and Abbas Ajdari (both were graduates from École des Beaux Arts in Paris in 1937), and Noureddin Kianouri (graduate from RWTH Aachen University in 1939).

Among the founding members of Association of Iranian Architects, Kianouri was a key figure that theoretically and ideologically laid out the mission of the association. He was a graduate of Tehran University. A year later he returned to Iran 1940 till 1945, together with the other founding members, he co-founded the Association of Iranian Architects. Despite his academic career at the University of Tehran and his professional work as an architect, he was a leftwing activist. Kianouri was one of the founding members of the Tudeh Party in 1941.

The Association soon became the only organization the systematically criticized, envisioned, and discussed the problems and the possible futures of architectural discourse and discipline in the country. For them the urgent problem to be addressed was housing. In the first issue of the Architect journal (from August 1946), Abbas Ajdari outlined the mission of the association in the article “The Problem of Housing in Tehran, and other Cities”.

Following the enactment in 1944 of the Law of Affordable Housing for Working Class and Governmental Employees initiated in the parliament by the Tudeh Party fraction, the Association of Iranian Architects developed a series of social housing projects in Tehran: