The 1830–31 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1830 and 1831, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.

The Jacksonians gained one seat from the Anti-Jacksonian coalition, but lost one seat to the short-lived Nullifier Party. By the time Congress first met in December 1831, however, the Jacksonians had a net loss of one seat.

Results summary Senate party division, 22nd Congress (1831–1833)

Majority party: Jacksonian (24–23) Minority party: Anti-Jackson (21–23) Other parties: Nullifier (2–1) Total seats: 48

Change in composition Before the elections After the January 7, 1830 special election in Delaware.

AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ J Majority → J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J

As a result of the elections AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ V N J J Majority → J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J

At the beginning of the first session, December 5, 1831

AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ AJ N N Plurality → J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J

Key: AJ = Anti-Jacksonian J = Jacksonian N = Nullfier V = Vacant

Race summaries Bold states link to specific election articles.

Special elections during the 21st Congress In these special elections, the winners were seated during 1830 or before March 4, 1831; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Mississippi(Class 2) Thomas B. Reed Jacksonian 1826 1827 1828 Incumbent died November 26, 1829.Winner elected January 6, 1830.Jacksonian hold. Delaware(Class 1) Louis McLane Jacksonian 1827 Incumbent resigned April 29, 1829 to become U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom.Winner elected January 7, 1830.Anti-Jacksonian gain. Mississippi(Class 2) George Poindexter Jacksonian 1830 Interim appointee elected November 18, 1830. Illinois(Class 2) David J. Baker Jacksonian 1830 Incumbent appointee retired when elected successor qualified.Winner elected December 11, 1830 on the fifth ballot.Jacksonian hold.

Races leading to the 22nd Congress

In these regular elections, the winner was seated on March 4, 1831 (except where noted due to late election); ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats. State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Alabama John McKinley Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.Winner elected in 1831.Jacksonian hold. Connecticut Calvin Willey Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election.Winner elected May 20, 1830.Anti-Jacksonian hold. Georgia John Forsyth Jacksonian 1829 Incumbent re-elected in 1830 or 1831. Illinois Elias Kane Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected December 11, 1830. Indiana William Hendricks Anti-Jacksonian 1824 Incumbent re-elected December 18, 1830 on the fourth ballot. Kentucky John Rowan Jacksonian 1824 Legislature elected late.Jacksonian loss. Louisiana Josiah S. Johnston Anti-Jacksonian 1824 1825 Incumbent re-elected in 1831. Maryland Ezekiel F. Chambers Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent re-elected in 1831. Missouri David Barton Anti-Jacksonian 18211825 Incumbent lost re-election.Winner elected in 1830.Jacksonian gain. New Hampshire Levi Woodbury Jacksonian 1825 Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election.Winner elected in 1831.Jacksonian hold. New York Nathan Sanford Anti-Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.Winner elected February 1, 1831.Jacksonian gain. North Carolina James Iredell Jr. Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.Winner elected in 1830.Jacksonian hold. Ohio Jacob Burnet Anti-Jacksonian 1828 Incumbent retired.Winner elected in 1830.Anti-Jacksonian hold. Pennsylvania William Marks Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Incumbent lost re-election.Winner elected in 1830 or 1831.Jacksonian gain. South Carolina William Smith Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent lost re-election.Winner elected in 1830 or 1831.Nullifier gain. Vermont Dudley Chase Anti-Jacksonian 1825 Unknown if incumbent ran for re-election.Winner elected in 1831.Anti-Jacksonian hold.

Elections during the 22nd Congress In these special elections, the winners were seated in 1831 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Kentucky(Class 3) Vacant Legislature elected late.New senator elected November 10, 1831.Anti-Jacksonian gain. Louisiana(Class 2) Edward Livingston Jacksonian 1828 or 1829 Incumbent resigned May 24, 1831 to become U.S. Secretary of State.Winner elected November 15, 1831.Anti-Jacksonian gain. Pennsylvania(Class 1) Isaac D. Barnard Jacksonian 1826 Incumbent resigned December 6, 1831 due to ill health.Winner elected December 13, 1831.Jacksonian hold.

Alabama

Connecticut

Delaware (special)

Georgia

Illinois

Illinois had two elections in this cycle: one for each seat.

Illinois (regular)

For the Class 3 seat, one-term incumbent Jacksonian Elias Kane was re-elected on December 11, 1830, for the term beginning March 4, 1831.

Illinois (special)

For the Class 2 seat, Jacksonian incumbent John McLean, who had been elected in 1828 or 1829, died October 14, 1830. Jacksonian David J. Baker was appointed November 12, 1830 to continue the term until a special election. On December 11, 1830, Jacksonian John McCracken Robinson was elected to finish the term and was seated January 4, 1831.

Indiana

Kentucky Kentucky had two elections in this cycle.

When Jacksonian John Rowan's term ended March 3, 1831, the legislature had not yet voted a replacement. When the legislature resumed for its session in November 1831, Anti-Jacksonian Henry Clay was elected, but still in time to participate when the 22nd Congress convened in December 1831.

Kentucky (regular)

Kentucky (special)

Louisiana Louisiana had two elections in this cycle.

Louisiana (regular)

Louisiana (special)

Maryland

Ezekiel F. Chambers won election over non-voters by a margin of 45.21%, or 33 votes, for the Class 3 seat.

Mississippi (special)

Missouri

New Hampshire

New York

The Senate election in New York was held on February 1, 1831, by the New York State Legislature. Nathan Sanford had been elected in 1826 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1831. At the state election in November 1830, the Jacksonians managed to defeat the combined Anti-Masons and Anti-Jacksonians. Enos T. Throop was narrowly re-elected Governor, a large Jacksonian majority was elected to the Assembly, and five of the nine State Senators elected were Jacksonian Democrats. The 54th New York State Legislature met from January 4 to April 26, 1831, at Albany, New York. The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the election, and n The Jacksonian State legislators held a caucus before the electionominated New York Supreme Court Justice William L. Marcy. The vote was 77 for Marcy, 15 for Erastus Root, 6 for the incumbent Nathan Sanford and 6 scattering votes. William L. Marcy was the choice of both the Assembly and the Senate, and was declared elected.

House Jacksonian Anti-Mason Anti-Jacksonian State Senate (32 members) William L. Marcy 20 Samuel Works 5 State Assembly (128 members) William L. Marcy 86 Samuel Works 27 Nathan Sanford 1

North Carolina

Ohio

The two houses of the Ohio General Assembly met during the winter of 1830–1831 in joint assembly to elect a Senator (Class 3). After seven ballots, on various dates, Thomas Ewing was elected on a majority of the ballots. The balloting was as follows:

Ballot Thomas Ewing(Anti-Jacksonian) Micajah T. Williams(Jacksonian) Edward King(Anti-Jacksonian) 1 33 49 21 2 37 50 21 3 42 49 16 4 46 52 9 5 51 51 5 6 54 53 2 7 54 51 2

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania had two election in this cycle.

Pennsylvania (regular) -

Pennsylvania (special)

Following the December 6, 1831 resignation of Senator Isaac Barnard due to ill health, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on December 13, 1831, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Eleven ballots were recorded. The results of the eleventh and final ballot of both houses combined are as follows:

! colspan=3 align=right | Totals ! align=right | 133 ! align=right | 100.00%

Vermont

See also 1830 United States elections 1830–31 United States House of Representatives elections 21st United States Congress 22nd United States Congress

Notes

References

Sources Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov