Nikonov () and Nikonova () are masculine and feminine forms of a common Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexander Nikonov (1893–1937), a Soviet military leader Gennadiy Nikonov (1950–2003), a Russian gun engineer Pavel Nikonov (1930–2025), a Russian painter and graphic artist Vadim Nikonov (b. 1948), a Soviet football player and coach Vyacheslav Nikonov (b. 1956), a Russian political scientist Yevgeny Nikonov (1920–1941), a Russian war hero Angelina Nikonova (b. 1976), a Russian filmmaker, script writer and film producer Elena Nikonova, a Russian pair skater Matrona Nikonova (1881–1952), a canonized saint of the Russian Orthodox Church Ry Nikonova (1942–2014), Russian artist, poet, and writer Valentina Nikonova (b. 1952), a Soviet fencer Yevgeniya Nikonova (b. 1970), a Russian basketball player