Raphitoma is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.
The type species Pleurotoma hystrix Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “Pleurotoma histrix Jan.” riccardo giannuzzi savelli, A revision of the Mediterranean Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda, Conoidea) 4: The species of the group of Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803) with the description of a new species; Boll. Malacol., 53 : 161-183 (2, 30/11/2017)
Distribution This genus occurs in European waters, in the northern part of the Mediterranean Sea, and in the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Verde, West Africa and Angola.
Taxonomy history The genus Raphitoma was created in 1847 by Luigi Bellardi (1818-1889) in his "Monographie des Pleurotomes fossiles du Piémont" for species in different groups without operculum.Bellardi L. — Monographia delle Pleurotome fossili del Piemonte. Monographie des Pleurotomes fossiles du Piémont p. 612
Raphitoma now contains many species formerly assigned to Pleurotoma Lamarck, 1799, Clathurella (Carpenter, 1857) and Philbertia (Monterosato, 1884). Philbertia was synonymized with Raphitoma in 1990 because Dr. Philippe Bouchet did not consider valid the subdivision of species into different genera solely on the basis of differences during larval development.Marco Oliverio, "Gastropoda Prosobranchia", Biol. Mar. Mediterr. (2008), 15 (suppl.): 235-278Bouchet P., 1990. Turrid genera and mode of development: the use and abuse of protoconch morphology. Malacologia, 32: 69-77.
In describing Raphitoma, the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) relied on an unpublished database "Nomenclator of Molluscan Supraspecific Names" by Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (2010). In December 2011, the WoRMS database still showed 21 species retaining the genus name Philbertia. In their publication "A new operational classification of the Conoidea (Gastropoda)", Bouchet, Kantor et al. (2011) still recognize Philbertia as a valid genus in the Raphitomidae.
As of the 2017 update to the 2005 restructuring of gastropod taxonomy, WoRMS recognizes Philbertia as a synonym of Raphitoma.
Description According to Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. (2018), the shell of the species in this genus are characterized by: shape: turreted to biconic-pupoidal with an impressed suture. size: small to medium (5 mm to 25 mm) compared with the other genera in this family protoconch: 3 to 4.5 whorls when multispiral (planktotrophic development) - otherwise paucispiral (lecithotrophic development) - this dichotomy of the larval development between sibling species can be used in distinguishing them). body whorl: frequently keeled. Sculpture: reticulate and diagonally squarely cancellated with the axial opisthocline ribs broader than the spiral riblets; sometimes growth lines visible between the ribs on the body whorl. outer lip: thickened, showing inner denticles; crenulated externally. columella: simple; sometimes slightly sinuous anteriorly. siphonal canal: funnel-like; short to rather long; wide.
Data about the soft parts are scarce and suggest a variation between the species.Giannuzzi-Savelli, R., Pusateri, F. & Bartolini, S. 2018. A revision of the Mediterranean Raphitomidae (Gastropoda: Conoidea) 5: loss of planktotrophy and pairs of species, with the description of four new species. Bollettino Malacologico, 54, Supplement 11:1–7
Species Species within the genus Raphitoma include:
† Raphitoma alfurica P. J. Fischer, 1927 † Raphitoma alida Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2016 Raphitoma alleryana (Sulliotti, 1889) Raphitoma alternans (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma andrehoaraui Pelorce & Horst, 2020 Raphitoma antipolitana Pelorce & Horst, 2020 † Raphitoma antonjanseni Marquet, 1998 † Raphitoma arenosa Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma arnoldi Pallary, 1904 † Raphitoma asperata Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma atropurpurea (Locard & Caziot, 1900) † Raphitoma augustae (Boettger, 1902) Raphitoma azuari Pelorce & Horst, 2020 Raphitoma bartolinorum Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 † Raphitoma baudoni (G.P. Deshayes, 1865 ) † Raphitoma belliana Finlay, 1927 Raphitoma bernardoi Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & Fernandes, 1998 Raphitoma bicolor (Risso, 1826) † Raphitoma birmanica Vredenburg, 1921 † Raphitoma boutillieri Cossmann, 1889 Raphitoma bourguignati (Locard, 1891) Raphitoma bracteata (Pallary, 1904) † Raphitoma breitenbergeri Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 Raphitoma brunneofasciata Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 Raphitoma caboverdensis Espinosa & Ortea, 2021 Raphitoma christfriedi Rolan et al., 1998 † Raphitoma columnae (Scacchi, 1835) † Raphitoma consimilis F.W. Harmer, 1918 Raphitoma contigua (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma corbis (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) Raphitoma cordieri (Payraudeau, 1826) † Raphitoma costellata (J.B.P.A. Lamarck, 1804) Raphitoma curta Fenaux, 1942 (nomen dubium) † Raphitoma daphnelloides Gougerot & Le Renard, 1981 † Raphitoma dellabellaorum Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 Raphitoma dempsta (A.A. Gould, 1860) Raphitoma densa (Monterosato, 1884) † Raphitoma deshayesi Cossmann, 1902 † Raphitoma desmoulinsi Bellardi, 1847 † Raphitoma dictyella Cossmann, 1889 Raphitoma digiulioi Pusateri & Giannuzzi Savelli, 2017 † Raphitoma diozodes Cossmann, 1898 † Raphitoma eberti Koenen, 1894 Raphitoma ebreorum Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 Raphitoma echinata (Brocchi, 1814) † Raphitoma echinus (Boettger, 1902) Raphitoma enginaeformis Nevill & Nevill, 1875 † Raphitoma erinaceus (Bellardi, 1877) † Raphitoma exasperata Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma farolita F. Nordsieck, 1977 † Raphitoma ferrierii (Brunetti, Della-Bella & Giano, 2006) † Raphitoma ferroviae Cossmann, 1923 † Raphitoma fischeri Cossmann, 1902 Raphitoma formosa (Jeffreys, 1867) † Raphitoma gabusogana Nomura & Zinbo, 1936 † Raphitoma ganensis Cossmann, 1923 † Raphitoma garlandi Harmer, 1918 † Raphitoma grimmertingenensis Marquet, Lenaerts & Laporte, 2016 Raphitoma griseomaculata Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 † Raphitoma harpula (G.B. Brocchi, 1814 ) † Raphitoma herminae (Boettger, 1902) † Raphitoma hildae (Boettger, 1902) Raphitoma hispidella Giannuzzi-Savelli & Pusateri, 2019 † Raphitoma histrix Bellardi, 1847 † Raphitoma hoernesi (Mayer, 1869) Raphitoma horrida (Monterosato, 1884) † Raphitoma hypotetica Bellardi, 1847 Raphitoma kharybdis Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 Raphitoma laviae (Philippi, 1844) † Raphitoma lennieri Cossmann & Pissaro, 1900 † Raphitoma leptocolpa Cossmann, 1889 † Raphitoma lilliputiana Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma lineolata (Bucquoy, Dollfus & Dautzenberg, 1883) Raphitoma locardi Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 Raphitoma maculosa Høisæter, 2016 (taxon inquirendum) † Raphitoma margaritata Janssen, 1978 † Raphitoma mediodenticulata Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma melitis Kontadakis & Mbazios, 2019 † Raphitoma merignacensis (Peyrot, 1931) † Raphitoma michaudi (Bellardi, 1877) Raphitoma mirabilis (Pallary, 1904) Raphitoma natalensis Barnard, 1958 † Raphitoma neerrepenensis Marquet, Lenaerts & Laporte, 2016 † Raphitoma neoscapulata Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma nivea (Monterosato, 1875) Raphitoma oblonga (Jeffreys, 1867) † Raphitoma palumbina Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 Raphitoma papillosa (Pallary, 1904) † Raphitoma parahystrix (Boettger, 1902) Raphitoma perinsignis (E. A. Smith, 1884) † Raphitoma perplexa (Deshayes, 1865) † Raphitoma perpulchra (Wood, 1848) Raphitoma petanii Prkić, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Pusateri, 2020 Raphitoma philberti (Michaud, 1829) † Raphitoma pleurotomelloides Lozouet, 2017 Raphitoma pruinosa (Pallary, 1906) † Raphitoma pseudocordieri Peyrot, 1931 Raphitoma pseudohystrix (Sykes, 1906) † Raphitoma pulchra (Peyrot, 1931) Raphitoma pumila (Monterosato, 1890) Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma pusaterii Prkić & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2020 † Raphitoma pycnum Lozouet, 1999 Raphitoma radula (Monterosato, 1884) † Raphitoma raynevali (Bellardi, 1877) † Raphitoma ringens Bellardi, 1847 † Raphitoma sapicurtensis Cossmann, 1902 † Raphitoma scacchii Bellardi, 1847 † Raphitoma scapulata Lozouet, 2017 † Raphitoma semicostata Bellardi, 1847 Raphitoma skylla Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2018 Raphitoma smriglioi Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2013Iberus, 31(1): 11-20 † Raphitoma soniusae Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 Raphitoma sophiae Kontadakis & Polyzoulis, 2019 Raphitoma spadiana Pusateri & Giannuzzi-Savelli, 2012 † Raphitoma sparsa Boettger, 1902 Raphitoma stanici Prkić, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Pusateri, 2020 † Raphitoma striolaris (Deshayes, 1837) Raphitoma strucki (Maltzan, 1883) † Raphitoma subaequalis (Boettger, 1902) † Raphitoma suberinacea Lozouet, 2017 † Raphitoma subfragilis Lozouet, 2017 † Raphitoma subpurpurea (Boettger, 1902) † Raphitoma subvellicata Boettger, 1902 † Raphitoma symmetrica (Reeve, 1846) Raphitoma syrtensis F. Nordsieck, 1977 Raphitoma tomentosa Nordsieck, 1968 (taxon inquirendum) † Raphitoma unica (Boettger, 1902) † Raphitoma venusta (Lea, 1833) † Raphitoma vercingetorixi Ceulemans, Van Dingenen & Landau, 2018 † Raphitoma vitiosa Lozouet, 1999 † Raphitoma vogeli Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2020 Raphitoma volutella (Kiener, 1840) Raphitoma zelotypa Rolan et al., 1998
† = species is extinct
Synonyms Raphitoma aequalis (Jeffreys, 1867): synonym of Cyrillia aequalis (Jeffreys, 1867) Raphitoma affine Locard, 1891: synonym of Bela nebula (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma amoena Sars G.O., 1878: synonym of Nepotilla amoena (G.O. Sars, 1878) Raphitoma angusta Bellardi, 1847 †: synonym of Agathotoma angusta (Bellardi, 1847) † (original combination) Raphitoma antonjanssei Marquet & Landau, 2006 †: synonym of Raphitoma antonjanseni Marquet, 1998 † (unjustified emendation) Raphitoma asperrima (T. Brown, 1827): synonym of Trophonopsis muricata (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma barbierii Brusina, 1866: synonym of Drilliola loprestiana (Calcara, 1841) ) Raphitoma bedoyai Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998: synonym of Daphnella bedoyai (Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998) (original combination) † Raphitoma bertrandiana (Millet, 1865): synonym of † Daphnella bertrandiana (Millet, 1865) Raphitoma bofilliana (Sulliotti, 1889): synonym of Raphitoma alleryana (Sulliotti, 1889) Raphitoma boothii Smith, 1839: synonym of Raphitoma concinna (Scacchi, 1836) Raphitoma brachystoma (Philippi, 1844): synonym of Sorgenfreispira brachystoma (Philippi, 1844) Raphitoma brevis Réquien, 1848: synonym of Raphitoma pupoides (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma brevis F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of Raphitoma brunneofasciata Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 (preoccupied name) Raphitoma buchanensis Macgillivray, 1843: synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma cappellinii Deshayes, 1865: synonym of Raphitoma costellata capellinii Deshayes, 1865 Raphitoma caudicula Nardo, 1848: synonym of Raphitoma leufroyi (Michaud, 1828) Raphitoma concinna (Scacchi, 1836): synonym of Leufroyia concinna (Scacchi, 1836) Raphitoma confusa Locard, 1897: synonym of Sorgenfreispira brachystoma (Philippi, 1844) Raphitoma confusum Locard, 1897: synonym of Sorgenfreispira brachystoma (Philippi, 1844) (dubious synonym; incorrect gender ending) Raphitoma corbiformis Locard & Caziot, 1900: synonym of Raphitoma corbis (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) Raphitoma cordieri Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of Raphitoma horrida (Monterosato, 1884) Raphitoma corimbensis Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998: synonym of Daphnella corimbensis (Rolán, Otero-Schmitt & F. Fernandes, 1998) (original combination) Raphitoma cranchiana Gray, 1852: synonym of Cyrillia linearis (Montagu, 1803) Raphitoma cylindracea [sic]: synonym of Raphitoma locardi Pusateri, Giannuzzi-Savelli & Oliverio, 2013 (misspelling of Clathurella cylindrica Locard & Caziot, 1900)