The San Juan volcanic field is part of the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado. It consists mainly of volcanic rocks that form the largest remnant of a major composite volcanic field that covered most of the southern Rocky Mountains in the Middle Tertiary geologic time.Steven, Thomas A.; Lipman, Peter W. (1976). "Calderas of the San Juan Volcanic Field, Southwestern Colorado". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 958: 1–35. Retrieved 2012-05-16. There are approximately fifteen calderas known in the San Juan Volcanic Fields; however, it is possible that there are two or even three more in the region.
The region began with many composite volcanoes that became active between 35 and 40 million years ago, with peak activity in the time period around 35-30 million years ago. Around this time the activity began to include explosive ash-flow eruptions. Many of these volcanoes experienced caldera collapse, resulting in the fifteen to eighteen caldera volcanoes in the region today.
Phases of Volcanism The San Juan volcanic field experienced two phases of volcanism.
The earlier volcanism took place during the Oligocene age of the Paleogene Period. It produced largely intermediate composition lavas and breccias, together with ash flow tuffs reflecting differentiation of the original magma. The precaldera intermediate volcanic rocks include the Conejos Formation in the southeastern part of the field. Intermediate volcanism did not cease with caldera eruptions, and included such voluminous intermediate volcanic rocks as the Huerto Andesite.
The later volcanism took place from Miocene to Pliocene in ages of the Neogene Period. It was characterized by bimodal volcanism, producing both low-silica alkaline flows and high-silica rhyolites. It is usually interpreted as a partial melt of the lower crust that was erupted onto the surface.
Notable calderas
Name Associated tuff Coordinates Age Lake City Sunshine Peak Tuff 22.93 ± 0.02 Ma Creede Caldera Snowshoe Mountain Tuff 26.5 ± 0.3 Ma Cochetopa Nelson Mountain Tuff 26.4 ± 0.5 Ma San Luis Cebolla Creek TuffRat Creek Tuff 26.9 Ma South River Watson Park Tuff 27.4? Ma Bachelor Carpenter Ridge Tuff 27.45 ± 0.05 Ma La Garita Fish Canyon Tuff 27.45 ± 0.05 Ma Uncompahgre-San Juan Sapinero Mesa Tuff 27.5 ± 0.5 Ma Platoro Treasure Mountain Group 28.4 Ma Unknown Masonic Park Tuff 28.7 Ma North Pass Saguache Creek Tuff 32.2 Ma Bonanza Bonanza Tuff 33.12 ± 0.03 Ma Marshall Thorn Ranch Tuff 33.6 ± 0.3 Ma
Economic impact The San Juan volcanic field has been a historically important mining district, producing lead, zinc, copper, gold, and silver. The ores were mostly deposited in and near calderas that experienced significant postcaldera activity. Ore veins were concentrated in fractures associated with caldera activity and in postcaldera intrusive bodies. The greatest mineralization took place near the youngest and most silicic intrusions of each caldera cycle.
See also List of large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province
List of volcanic fields
References