Dennis Specialist Vehicles was an English manufacturer of commercial vehicles based in Guildford, building buses, fire engines, lorries (trucks) and municipal vehicles such as dustcarts. All vehicles were made to order to the customer's requirements and more strongly built than mass production equivalents. For most of the 20th century the Dennis company was Guildford's main employer.
Following a decade of financial difficulties original shareholders sold out in 1972 and Dennis's ownership has since passed through quite a number of hands. No Dennis haulage trucks have been built since 1985. The last Dennis fire engine left the Guildford factory in 2007. The Woodbridge site was sold, and a new factory, built in Slyfield in 1991, remained in use by a lineal business descendant, bus-maker Alexander Dennis, until 2020, when it too was closed down.
The Dennis brand is still used on Alexander Dennis buses, Dennis Eagle dustcarts and Dennis mowers.
Dennis Brothers 1895 to 1901
Dennis Brothers was founded in 1895 by brothers John Cawsey Dennis (1871–1939) and (Herbert) Raymond Dennis (1878–1939) who made Speed King bicycles.Wise, David Burgess. "Dennis: Bicycles, Motor Cycles, and Fire Engines", in Ward, Ian, executive editor. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 5, p.527. They built the bicycles, initially from bought-in parts, and sold them from their shop, The Universal Athletic Stores, in High Street, Guildford. They made their first motor vehicle in 1898, and in 1899, their first car, The Dennis Light Doctor's Car. Though shown at the National Cycle Show this car was never put into production.
Dennis Brothers Limited 1901 to 1972 Cars
After incorporating Dennis Brothers Limited, in which they were given generous financial support by local cyclists and potential motorists, the brothers began car production around 1901. John Dennis built a 30,000 square foot three storey plus basement building in Onslow Street in the centre of Guildford with a lift between floors later known as the Rodboro Buildings. This was the first purpose-built motor vehicle factory in Britain.History of Architecture in Guildford Guildford Heritage
Their range of cars was quickly extended to 12 hp, 14 hp, 16 and 20 hp chassis fitted with tourer, town car and limousine bodies. From the Dennis Brothers stand at the 1903 Crystal Palace Motor Show the brothers sold almost £30,000 worth of cars and took many more orders.Pat Kennett, Dennis (World Trucks No. 6), 1979, Patrick Stephens, Cambridge UK. Larger models followed their first light cars. A 35 hp model in 1906 was powered by a White and Poppe engine. This power unit was soon fitted to all their vehicles.
Worm drive back axle Until well into the early years of the twentieth century the back wheels of most vehicles were driven by a chain from each side of a differential fixed to the chassis frame. Dennis Brothers developed and patented a reliable worm drive into a differential mounted on the back axle.An All-British Motor Omnibus Commercial Motor 20 April 1905 page 6 Another feature of that period was spring drive, a torsional shock absorber mounted at the input end of the drive line.
Commercial vehicles
Commercial vehicle activity increased. Their first was a van for Harrods in London. Dennis made its first bus in 1903 and their first fire engine in 1908 — for Bradford Council Fire Department.John Dennis, Roger Heard. Address to Surrey Industrial Heritage Group, 25 February 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2018 The last car was made in 1913 after the Dennis brothers saw there was less competition in the commercial vehicle market.Michael Hymans. British Coaching: Chassis Manufacturers, Coachbuilders and Operators Amberley Publishing, 2016
The rate of growth of the business may be gauged from the regular expansions on their new site at Woodbridge Hill on the outskirts of Guildford — in 1907, 1910, 1912 and 1913. In 1913 Dennis Brothers moved their main operations to a new much larger building of almost four acres on the twelve-acre site at Woodbridge leaving their purpose-built Onslow Street premises solely for repairs.The Times, Friday, 7 March 1913; pg. 13; Issue 40153 In March 1913 the investing public learnt that Dennis Brothers was a manufacturer of motor-vans, motor-lorries, motor-fire-engines, motor-cars etc. The brothers' offer of shares to the public was substantially over-subscribed and Dennis Brothers Limited became a publicly listed company.New Capital Issues The Times 10 March 1913; pg. 16; issue 40155Dennis Brothers (1913) Limited. The Times, 10 March 1913; pg. 17; issue 40155. Rising international tensions precipitated a major contract for supply of 1,000 3-ton "subsidy" lorries to private buyers on terms set by the War Office. Taking the subsidy obliged the buyer to release the vehicle to the War Office in time of war. Materials had been ordered but no subvention lorries completed when the situation changed.
World War I
After August 1914's outbreak of hostilities production was reduced to the subvention type 3-ton military lorries, now supplied directly to the War Office, and the Dennis turbine fire engine.Pumper with a 50 gallon tank fitted with a new high efficiency Gwynne centrifugal pump. The Dennis Turbine Fire Engine.Commercial Motor 23 July 1908Dennis Brothers (1913) (Limited) The Times 23 November 1915; pg. 13; issue 41019 The Ministry of Munitions took complete control of the whole business in 1915. New buildings were added to contain the manufacture of munitions.Dennis Brothers (1913) (Limited) The Times 24 November 1916; pg. 15; issue 41333.
Between wars 1920s Following 1918's armistice there was a glut of war surplus vehicles and a consequent collapse in demand for new trucks. To try to compensate the Dennis product range was expanded into municipal vehicles — dustcarts (refuse collection), street cleaning vehicles, sewage tankers and pumps etc. Municipal vehicles do not suffer from the fluctuations of demand experienced by the overall economy. Buyers tend to replace them at fixed periods so there is an element of longer term planning. While it is a relatively small market it is stable. Motor mowers were added in 1922.
White and Poppe in Coventry had always supplied engines for Dennis Brothers motor vehicles. A takeover had been under consideration before the war but it was not until April 1919 that it was made public Dennis Brothers and White and Poppe had agreed to an exchange of shares in each other's business.City News in Brief The Times 9 April 1919; pg. 21; issue 42070 The swap gave Dennis Brothers the controlling interest in White and Poppe. Alfred White and Peter Poppe joined the Dennis Brothers boardCompany Meeting The Times 22 April 1919; pg. 18; issue 42080 but it was not until March 1933 in the midst of the 1930s depression that engine production was transferred from Coventry to Guildford.
One chassis was used for both lorries and buses. In the 1920s Dennis began to design and build separate chassis for their public service vehicles (buses) with a lower ride height.A New Low Load-line Dennis Chassis Commercial Motor 27 October 1925 page 44 Pneumatic tyres were introduced. Forward control buses were added to their catalogue in the same decade. Export markets were developed between the wars, particularly vehicles for Hong Kong.
The 1930s The decade began with the Great Depression. Diesel engines were in demand for larger commercial vehicles. New Dennis buses were a double-deck Lance and single-deck Lancet. The Dennis Ace, a smaller twenty-seater bus was brought into production in 1933 using the chassis of Dennis's small lorry. The Arrow Minor followed in 1935 and a new Falcon chassis in 1938.
John and Raymond Dennis built 223 houses for their workers, 102 of them on a 20 acres estate in Woodbridge Hill for their Coventry motor workers who brought production of White & Poppe engines to Guildford in 1933. The area took on the name Dennisville.Michael Stratton, Barrie Trinder, Twentieth Century Industrial Archaeology. Taylor & Francis, 2014 Both brothers died in 1939 and they are commemorated in the names of Dennisville's St John's Road and Raymond Crescent.
Second World War During the Second World War the Ministry of Supply restricted Dennis to lorries and allocated bus production to Daimler and Guy. Over that period Dennis built some 3,000 6/8 ton capacity Max and 1,500 Pax 3-ton lorries, assembled 700 Churchill tanks, 17,000 engines for landing craft, 7,000 fire pumps, 750,000 bombs and 3,000 infantry carriers. Meanwhile, 'municipal vehicles' were built for military bases.Supply Minister On Controls The Times 16 November 1945; pg. 8; issue 50301 The plant operated around the clock and the number of workers doubled to 4,000.
1948 Nationalisation of road haulage British Road Services, Britain's state-owned road haulage operator, didn't buy any trucks from Dennis. New products were developed but were not attractive to BRS. The suppliers to BRS were prospering, Leyland, AEC and Foden's technical advances and greater truck experience let them build even better buses to compete with Dennis buses. Only Dennis's light Pax trucks sold well and they went to businesses still permitted to run their own short-distance transport. Yet the company's buses and fire engines remained in demand. The 1940s and 1950s still managed to be Dennis's best years.
The 1950s The 1950s saw the introduction of diesel engines and automatic transmissions and bus engines were moved below floors to increase carrying capacity.
After the war bus production began again. 1950 introductions were a passenger chassis named Dominant with a semi-automatic transmission and a horizontally mounted diesel engine and Paxit all-enclosed mechanical rear-loading refuse-collection vehicles.Dennis Brothers Limited The Times, 22 December 1950; pg. 8; issue 51881 Rolls-Royce diesel engines replaced Dennis petrol engines in the fire engines during 1951.Dennis Brothers Limited The Times 20 December 1951; pg. 8; issue 52189 New show vehicles in 1952 included a 5½ litre Centaur chassis with platform body, a Pax chassis with tipping gear and a lightweight body and the Stork chassis.Dennis Brothers Limited The Times 19 December 1953; pg. 11; issue 52809
The AV1, a new diesel ambulance chassis, returned ambulances to the Dennis product line-up during 1954. The next year an updated heavy fire engine chassis received Rolls-Royce fully automatic gearboxes.Dennis Brothers Limited (Motor and mechanical engineers) The Times 20 December 1955; pg. 12; issue 53408
They were not yet in production but Dennis revealed their plans for new Loline model doubledeck buses at the end of 1956. Built with Dennis components they used a patented Bristol Lodekka chassis. The Dennis version was for the independent section of the market Bristol was unable to supply.Dennis Brothers Limited The Times 20 December 1956; pg. 16; issue 53719 During 1957 sales in both home and export markets fell.Dennis Bros Limited The Times 20 December 1957; pg. 17; issue 54029 Demand for commercial vehicles did not recover after the Suez Crisis. The new Loline buses were in service and a variant new chassis was now available with front entry providing driver control of the door.Dennis Bros. Ltd The Times 19 December 1958; pg. 18; issue 54338
The 1960s
In the 1960s engines moved to the back of the buses.
In May 1962, Dennis bought the fire appliance division of Hawker Siddeley Group's Alfred Miles.Dennis Bros The Times 17 May 1962; pg. 21; issue 55393 In April 1964 Dennis purchased the industrial tractor manufacturer Mercury Truck & Tractor Company, also Mercury Airfield Equipment that manufactured airport tugs and later baggage trailers and ground units, and Mercury Snow Control.Dennis Bros The Times 8 April 1964; pg. 23; issue 55980