Facebook, Inc. v. StudiVZ Ltd. was a federal lawsuit filed on July 18, 2008, by Facebook, Inc. in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California against StudiVZ Ltd., a UK company with its principal place of business in Germany. StudiVZ had launched a website which was alleged to be visually and functionally similar to Facebook's site. Facebook filed a similar lawsuit the same day in the German regional court of Stuttgart and an additional related lawsuit on November 19, 2008, in the German regional court of Cologne. In May 2009 the District Court in California issued an order indicating its view that Germany was the more appropriate forum for the dispute, but withheld issuing a final order on the question until further review of the issues of personal jurisdiction could be addressed. The parties subsequently settled the California case, but continued the litigation in Germany in which the regional court of Cologne held that StudiVZ did not violate any intellectual property rights held by Facebook.
Facts and procedural history
Facebook, Inc. operates a social networking website, that was founded by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004 while he was a student at Harvard University.Facebook, Inc. v. StudiVZ Ltd., No. 08-03468 (N.D. Cal. Jul. 18, 2008) (Complaint ). Since 2008 Facebook has been available in the German language.Sekan Toto, Facebook Recruits Street Troops To Grow in Germany, Inside Tech Crunch.com (September 25, 2008).
In October 2005 StudiVZ launched its website by two students from Berlin, Ehssan Dariani and Dennis Bemmann. StudiVZ is an abbreviation of the German term Studentenverzeichnis or Studienverzeichnis, which means "students' directory". StudiVZ became popular in Germany and subsequently launched several other websites designed to target high school students and students in other European countries.
In 2006 Facebook learned of StudiVZ's website and, believing that the StudiVZ website infringed its proprietary trade dress, Facebook sent a demand letter to StudiVZ. The letter alleged a series of potential claims for infringement of Facebook's intellectual property rights under German law. A similar letter was sent in January 2007.Facebook, Inc. v. StudiVZ Ltd., No. 08-03468, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 40941 (N.D. Cal. May 4, 2009) (Order deferring ruling on motions to dismiss ). Facebook argued that StudiVZ copied the look, feel, features and services of Facebook.com.
In August 2006 and October 2007 Facebook began negotiations to purchase StudiVZ's websites.Caroline McCarthy, "Report: Facebook tried to buy StudiVZ", Inside News.cnet.com (August 8, 2008) After the negotiations failed, Facebook sent demand letters to Holtzbrinck (Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck, that acquired StudiVZ in 2007) again alleging infringement of intellectual property rights.
On July 18, 2008, StudiVZ filed a declaratory judgment action against Facebook in the German regional court of Stuttgart in order to declare the claims by Facebook without merit."Facebook challenges German rival", Inside News.bbc.co.uk (July 21, 2008) The same day, Facebook filed a complaint against StudiVZ Ltd., Verlagsgruppe Georg Von Holtzbrinck GmbH (German entity), Holtzbrinck Networks GmbH (German entity), Holtzbrinck Ventures GmbH (German entity) with the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, demanding StudiVZ desist from running a "knock-off" of Facebook's website. and filed motions to dismiss based on a lack of personal jurisdiction and on the grounds that Germany was a more convenient forum. Facebook was represented by some of the same attorneys that handled its case with the Winklevoss twins, including Neel Chatterjee and Julio Avalos of the law firm Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe (that case became the basis of the academy-award-winning film The Social Network). StudiVZ was represented by Los Angeles-based entertainment law firm Greenberg Glusker.
On October 22, 2008, StudiVZ,Facebook, Inc. v. StudiVZ Ltd., No. 08-03468 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2008) (Motion to dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction or, in the alternative, for Forum Non Conveniens filed by Studivz, Ltd.). Holtzbrinck Networks GmbH and Holtzbrinck Ventures GmbHFacebook, Inc. v. StudiVZ Ltd., No. 08-03468 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 2008) (Motion to dismiss for Lack of Personal Jurisdiction or, in the alternative, for Forum Non Conveniens filed by Holtzbrinck Networks GmbH, Holtzbrinck Ventures GmbH). filed motions to dismiss based on a lack of personal jurisdiction and on the grounds that Germany was a more convenient forum.
On November 19, 2008, Facebook filed a second lawsuit for injunctive relief against StudiVZ in the German regional court of Cologne, alleging a series of claims under German law.Sekan Toto, Facebook Loses Lawsuit Against German Clone StudiVZ, Gets Criticized For Sloppy Preparation, Inside Tech Crunch.com (June 16, 2009).Facebook takes 'knockoff' German site StudiVZ to court , Inside The Local.de (April 29, 2009).
On May 4, 2009, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California issued an order indicating its view that Germany was the more appropriate forum, but deferred making a final decision on the issue until further review of the issues of personal jurisdiction could be addressed.
District Court for the Northern District of California
Facebook's claims
Facebook alleged five different causes of action: Violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) (). Facebook alleged that StudiVZ was not authorized to log in and use Facebook's site or services for the purpose of copying its web pages, copying its design, copying its features or copying its trade dress. Facebook also alleged that StudiVZ was not authorized to access Facebook's computer servers beyond the terms set forth in Facebook's terms of use, which StudiVZ allegedly violated by (among other things) using Facebook's servers for commercial purposes without authorization. Violation of California Penal Code §502(c)(2). Facebook alleged that StudiVZ knowingly accessed and without permission, took, copied, or made use of data from a computer, computer system, or computer network, or took or copied supporting documentation in violation of California Penal Code §502(c)(2). Trade dress infringement (). Facebook alleged that the unique look and feel of Facebook's website and services, including its graphical user interface, constituted protectable trade dress and that its user interface was unique, recognizable, and not merely functional.Aharon Etengoff, Facebook sues German competitor, Inside Theinquirer.net (Jul. 21, 2008). Facebook alleged that StudiVZ has copied Facebook's trade dress in a manner likely to cause confusion or to deceive users as to the affiliation, connection, or association of the StudiVZ websites with Facebook or as to deceive users as to the origin, sponsorship, or approval of the StudiVZ goods, services or commercial activities. Breach of contract. Facebook alleged that by using or registering to use its website and service, StudiVZ consented to Facebook's terms of use, thereby entering into a valid contract with Facebook. Misappropriating Facebook's intellectual property or using Facebook for an unauthorized commercial purpose is in breach of the Terms of Use. Breach of Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing. California law implies a covenant of good faith and fair dealing in all contracts entered into in the State of California. By agreeing to the Facebook's terms of use, Facebook alleged that StudiVZ entered into a California contract with Facebook and through their actions, also violated the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
StudiVZ and Holtzbrinck Networks' position StudiVZ and its owner, Holtzbrinck Networks GmbH, denied the claimsHelen Chernikoff, German site sued by Facebook says claims without merit, Inside Reuters.com (Jul. 20, 2008). and filed motions to dismiss based on a lack of personal jurisdiction and on the grounds that Germany was a more convenient forum.
Ruling On May 4, 2009, the California Court deferred ruling with respect to forum non conveniens until the issue of personal jurisdiction could be fairly presented. The court also held that no choice-of-law determination was required here because neither the Lanham Act nor the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) contain a special venue provision.
Under the doctrine of forum non conveniens, courts have broad discretion to decline jurisdiction in favor of a more convenient forum. A party moving to dismiss based on forum non conveniens must show (i) the existence of an adequate alternative forum and (ii) that the balance of private and public interest factors weighs in favor of dismissal.Facebook, Inc. v. StudiVZ Ltd, Inside casesofinterest.com.
To determine whether to dismiss an action, the court must determine (i) the degree of deference properly accorded the plaintiff's choice of forum, (ii) whether the alternative forum proposed by the defendants is adequate to adjudicate the parties' dispute and (iii) a balance between the private and public interests implicates in the choice of forum.
Facebook, as the plaintiff, would ordinarily be accorded a great deal of deference in choice of forum. However, because Facebook is a multinational corporation with "a significant business presence in Germany," was currently litigating a similar suit in Germany and the conduct complained of occurred principally in Germany, Facebook's choice of forum was given reduced deference. The court indicated that it believed that Germany was an adequate forum because it would permit adequate litigation of the subject matter in dispute.
Settlement On September 10, 2009, a settlement was reached resulting in StudiVZ paying an undisclosed sum to FacebookJustin Smith, Facebook Settles Suit Against StudiVZ, but Germans Already Moving to Facebook Anyway, Inside Facebook.com (Sep. 10, 2009). and on September 14, 2009, the California case was dismissed with prejudice per the parties' stipulation.Facebook, Inc. v. StudiVZ Ltd., No. 08-03468 (N.D. Cal. Sep. 14, 2009) (Stipulation and order for dismissal with prejudice ).
Decision by the German regional court Unlike the proceedings before the U.S. District Court, the parties did not settle their lawsuit in Germany. On June 16, 2009, the German regional court of Cologne decided against Facebook regarding the action for injunctive relief (33 O 374/08). The declaratory judgment action before the regional court of Stuttgart therefore became obsolete.
In Germany, Facebook had sued StudiVZ on grounds of unfair competition, trademark infringement and copyright infringement.
Unfair competition Facebook alleged in its unfair competition charges that StudiVZ is a mere imitation of Facebook and therefore free rides on their good will. This imitation would subsequently lead to consumer confusion as to the source of the StudiVz website. Additionally, an impeded market of Facebook in the German market originated from improper access to Facebook's website by one of the founders of StudiVZ while staying in the United States for an internship. Further, Facebook based the improper access allegation on several security blackouts throughout 2007.
This unfair competition claim was rejected by the court on several grounds.
First, the court held that an imitation leading to confusion as to the source of the websites and the associated free riding on the goodwill of Facebook's website requires a certain degree of public awareness of the website. However, at the time of the introduction of StudiVz to the German market (November 2005) Facebook had not yet established the critical level of awareness in order to justify a claim for improper imitation of a famous website. Rather, until September 2006, Facebook was only designed for North American students and thus did not reach the required degree of public awareness.