was a protected cruiser built for the French Navy in the late 1890s and early 1900s, the last vessel of that type built in France. Intended to serve overseas in the French colonial empire, the ship was ordered during a period of internal conflict between proponents of different types of cruisers. She was given a high top speed to enable her to operate as a commerce raider, but the required hull shape made her maneuver poorly. The ship also suffered from problems with her propulsion machinery that kept her from reaching her intended top speed. She carried a main battery of eight guns and was protected by a curved armor deck that was thick.
Completed in 1903, initially served in the Atlantic Naval Division. Over the following several years, she made a number of visits to the United States, including to commemorate the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase in 1903. During another visit in 1906, she collided with and sank a schooner. had been transferred to the Reserve Division of the Mediterranean Squadron by 1911, though she was reactivated in 1913 to serve with the main French fleet. She remained on active service into the start of World War I in August 1914, and after ensuring the safe passage of French Army units from North Africa to France, the fleet entered the Adriatic Sea to engage the Austro-Hungarian Navy. This resulted in the Battle of Antivari, where was detached to pursue the fleeing torpedo boat , though she failed to catch her.
saw no further action during the conflict. The French fleet withdrew to blockade the southern end of the Adriatic and the Austro-Hungarians refused to send their fleet to engage them. After Italy's entry into the war in 1915, the French turned over control of the blockade and withdrew the bulk of the fleet. In October 1916, was detached to bombard the southern Anatolian coast of the Ottoman Empire. Later that year the fleet was moved to Greek waters to try to coerce the neutral Greek government to join the Allies, which they eventually did. Coal shortages kept the French from conducting any significant operations in 1918. After the war, served with the Syrian Division until early 1920, when she was recalled to France. She was subsequently sold to ship breakers.
Design In the mid-1880s, elements in the French naval command argued over future warship construction; the advocated building long-range and fast protected cruisers for use as commerce raiders on foreign stations while a traditionalist faction preferred larger armored cruisers and small fleet scouts, both of which were to operate as part of the main fleet in home waters. By the end of the decade and into the early 1890s, the traditionalists were ascendant, leading to the construction of several armored cruisers of the , though the supporters of the secured approval for one large cruiser built according to their ideas, which became . Two more large protected cruisers, and , were authorized in 1894.
Political conflicts over cruiser construction continued over the next three years, and the French Chamber of Deputies rejected a request to build a sister ship to in 1895. The then-Naval Minister, Édouard Lockroy, decided that was too large, and the s then under construction were too weakly armed. In early 1896, during work to set out the 1897 naval budget, Lockroy requested a pair of fast, first-class cruisers suitable for overseas service. The prominent naval engineer, Louis-Émile Bertin, agreed with Lockroy's analysis, and in April 1896, proposed a design for a protected cruiser that would meet Lockroy's requirements. At the end of the month, Lockroy was replaced by Admiral Armand Besnard. He submitted a revised budget in June that included the two cruisers Lockroy had sought to build. Besnard thereafter forwarded Bertin's design to the (Council of Works), which examined it in a meeting on 20 October.
The , which had become dominated by those who favored a cruiser fleet composed of armored cruisers, rejected Besnard's proposed cruiser. They cited the vessel's limited displacement, which would have made it difficult to build a strong enough hull, and its insufficient cruising radius for a vessel intended to operate overseas. They also felt the vessel was too small and weak to serve as the flagship of an overseas cruiser squadron. Besnard nevertheless ordered the first cruiser, which became , over their objections on 20 November 1896. The second vessel was redesigned as the armored cruiser . She proved to be the last protected cruiser to be built for the French Navy, as the naval command decided to build larger armored cruisers for all cruiser tasks, including colonial patrol duties.
General characteristics and machinery
was long at the waterline and long overall, with a beam of and an average draft of . She displaced . Steering was controlled by a single rudder. She handled poorly and her turning radius was ; this was a result of the ship's large length to beam ratio. Her length allowed the designers to incorporate very fine lines for greater hydrodynamic efficiency, but rendered her significantly less maneuverable compared to foreign contemporaries like the British cruiser . Her crew numbered 478 officers and enlisted men.
Her hull had a long forecastle deck that extended almost her entire length, stepping down to a quarterdeck toward her stern. The hull was sheathed in wood and a layer of copper plating to protect it from biofouling on lengthy cruises overseas, where shipyard facilities would be limited. Her superstructure was fairly minimal, consisting of a conning tower and bridge structure forward and a smaller, secondary conning position aft. The ship was fitted with a pair of light pole masts for observation and signalling purposes. She was equipped with six searchlights. was very lightly built and rolled badly in heavy seas.
The ship's propulsion system consisted of three vertical triple-expansion steam engines driving three screw propellers. Each engine was placed in an individual engine room. Steam was provided by twenty-four coal-burning, Guyot-du Temple-type water-tube boilers. These were ducted into four funnels that were placed in widely spaced pairs, one set directly aft of the fore mast and the other pair further aft. This arrangement reflected the layout of the propulsion system; the engine rooms were placed amidships, and the boilers were divided into boiler rooms that were placed on either end.
Her machinery was rated to produce , but during her initial speed tests, it reached for a top speed of . Coal storage amounted to . Her cruising range was intended to be at a speed of , but s boilers proved to be particularly voracious, and in service, she was only capable of steaming for at a speed of about . Her propulsion system suffered from several other problems, including cramped engine rooms and excessive vibration at high speed. The problem was particularly severe when the engines operated at around 95 rpm, which corresponded to her cruising speed. Vibrations at this speed were so serious that they threatened to damage the ship's light scantlings and boiler piping, vindicating the , which had objected to the lightness of the vessel.
Armament and armor
was armed with a main battery of eight M1893 45-caliber (cal.) quick-firing (QF) gun in single pivot mounts. Two of the guns were in shielded pivot mounts on the upper deck, both on the centerline, one forward and one aft. The other six were in sponsons in the upper deck, three guns per broadside. The guns fired a variety of shells, including solid cast iron projectiles, and explosive armor-piercing and semi-armor-piercing shells. The muzzle velocity ranged from .
For defense against torpedo boats, she carried a secondary battery of ten 40-cal. M1885 Hotchkiss guns and six 20-cal. M1885 guns. All of these guns were carried in individual pivot mounts in various positions along the ship's upper deck and superstructure. In addition, she carried a pair of 16-cal. M1881 field guns that could be sent ashore with a landing party. She carried a pair of torpedo tubes; according to Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, and the historian Stephen Roberts, these were submerged in the hull. But the contemporary Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers states that the tubes were mounted in the hull above the waterline. The torpedoes were the M1892 variant, which carried a warhead and had a range of at a speed of .
The ship had a curved armor deck that consisted of mild steel that curved down at the sides to provide a measure of vertical protection. It was thick on the flat portion amidships, directly above the ship's engine rooms and the torpedo tubes; the downward sloping sides increased to and then tapered back down to 25 mm. Further forward and aft of the middle section, where the deck covered the boiler rooms and ammunition magazines, the deck was reduced to on the flat and on the slopes. The bow received of plating, and all sections of the deck were layered on of hull plating. Above the armor deck was a cofferdam that was wide and was composed of numerous watertight compartments. An anti-splinter deck that was thick formed the roof of the cofferdam, and the entire structure was intended to contain flooding in the event of damage. The forward conning tower was protected by on the sides. The ship's main guns were each fitted with gun shields that were thick, and their ammunition hoists were protected by armored tubes of 25 mm thick steel.
Service history
Work began on with her keel laying on 17 November 1897 at the Arsenal de Lorient in Lorient. She was launched on 26 July 1899, and after completing fitting-out, was commissioned to begin her sea trials on 15 May 1901. Work on her propulsion system continued until 5 March 1902. The trials were interrupted in July 1902 by an accident with her propulsion system, and she was not placed in full commission until 16 June 1903. She was initially assigned the North Atlantic station, but she had to return to port due to problems with her engines. She departed Lorient on 23 July, initially bound for the West Indies, but after a day at sea, she was forced to return to port. Her boiler rooms had become dangerously hot, ranging in temperature from , her boiler tubes leaked continuously, and she was unable to keep to her intended speed. In that condition, her cruising radius was less than half of what had been intended, around . Work on the ship was completed later that year. At this time, the ship was painted the standard color scheme of the French fleet; green below the waterline, a black upper hull, and buff superstructure.
Upon entering service in 1903, was assigned to the Atlantic Naval Division, along with the armored cruiser . When she joined the unit, she replaced the protected cruiser . In December, was sent to the United States to represent France during the centennial celebration of the Louisiana transfer from France to the United States. She was present for the three-day festivities that began on 18 December. The Spanish cruiser and the US cruiser , the training ship , and the gunboat joined her for the celebration. She remained in the unit in 1904 with , being joined that year by the protected cruisers and . In June, she was sent to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, in response to attacks on the French and German consuls in the city; she was joined there by the German gunboat , and the two vessels pressured the Haitian government into reaching an acceptable settlement over the incident. She remained in the unit the following year. While visiting the United States on 10 July 1906, collided with the American 130-gross register ton schooner Eaglet in the North River between New York City and New Jersey. Eaglet was lost, but all four people aboard her survived.