Costasiella kuroshimae (also known as a leaf slug, sea sheep, or leaf sheep) is a species of sacoglossan sea slug. Costasiella kuroshimae are shell-less marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Costasiellidae. Despite being animals, they perform photosynthesis, via kleptoplasty.
Description Discovered in 1993 off the coast of the Japanese island Kuroshima, Costasiella kuroshimae have been found in the waters near Japan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. They live in tropical climates. The type locality is Kuroshima, Taketomi, Okinawa, Ryukyu Islands.
They have two dark eyes and two rhinophores that emerge from the tops of their heads that look similar to sheep's ears or insect antennae.Oceana. "Leaf Sheep." Oceana, [Date Accessed: 26 Oct. 2023], https://oceana.org/marine-life/leaf-sheep/ They range in size from in length. Their leaf-like appearance is credited to the cerata featured in rows across their body. These cerata contain digestive glands that assist the Costasiella kuroshimae in obtaining and storing food. They also aid in defense and respiration.
The species are simultaneous hermaphrodites having both male and female reproductive organs. They lay their eggs in tiny spiral ribbons on algae.
Costasiella kuroshimae are capable of a physiological process called kleptoplasty, in which they retain the chloroplasts from the algae they feed on. Absorbing the chloroplasts from algae enables them to perform photosynthesis.
Costasiella kuroshimae is a selective feeder of algae from the genus Avrainvillea, from which it sequesters chloroplasts into its own cells, retaining them for short-term photosynthesis. Even in the absence of active photosynthesis, chloroplasts provide a nutrient storage or "larder" that facilitates the survival of the slug without food for an extended period of time.Christa, G., Wescott, L., Schaadt, T., Händeler, K., & Waegele, H. (2014). Photosynthesis in Sacoglossa: the impact of food sources, photosynthetic efficiency, and the occurrence of kleptoplasty in Costasiella ocellifera. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 461, 57-61.
The leaf sheep was voted the 2026 winner of The Guardians invertebrate of the year competition.
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References
External links Sealife Collection photos