The rosary is one of the most notable features of popular Catholic spirituality.McGrath, Alister E., Christian Spirituality: An Introduction, 1995 p. 16 According to Pope John Paul II, rosary devotions are "among the finest and most praiseworthy traditions of Christian contemplation."Pope John Paul II, Rosarium Virginis Mariae § 5, Vatican From its origins in the twelfth century the rosary has been seen as a meditation on the life of Christ, and it is as such that many popes have approved of and encouraged its recitation.
Use of repetitive prayer formulas goes far back in Christian history, and how these passed into the rosary tradition is not clear. It is clear that the 150 beads (Hail Marys) originated from the 150 Psalms prayed from the Hebrew Psalter. The rosary was a way for the ordinary faithful to simulate the meditation of the monks from the hand-printed Psalter. The second half of the Hail Mary, the petition to Mary, appeared for the first time in the catechism of Peter Canisius in 1555 in the Counter-Reformation period, in reaction against Protestant criticism of some Catholic beliefs.Petrus Canisius, CATECHISMI Latini et Germanici, I, ( ed Friedrich Streicher, S P C CATECHISMI Latini et Germanici, I, Roma, Munich, 1933, I, 12Finley, Mitch. The Seeker's Guide to Saints, 2000, p. 73
Following the establishment of the first rosary confraternities in the fifteenth century, the devotion to the rosary spread rapidly throughout Europe. From the sixteenth century onwards, rosary recitations often involved "picture texts" that assisted meditation. Such imagery continues to be used to assist in rosary meditations.
Origins
There are differing views on the origin of the rosary, with some traditions attributing it to Dominic who integrated it into Dominican devotion, but evidence shows its existence prior to his time, and a gradual development over centuries of practice.Beebe, Catherine. St. Dominic and the Rosary Thurston, Herbert, and Andrew Shipman. "The Rosary." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 7 Oct. 2014
The practice of meditation during the praying of repeated Hail Marys goes back at least to the 1400s in Germany and the Carthusian monk Dominic of Prussia who died in 1461, just as the Dominicans Alanus de Rupe and James Sprenger had started to promote the rosary.
By the 1500s the practice of meditation during the rosary had spread across Europe. Bartolomeo Scalvo's Meditationi del Rosario della Gloriosa Maria Virgine (i.e. Meditations on the Rosary of the Glorious Virgin Mary) printed in 1569 for the rosary confraternity of Milan provided an individual meditation to accompany each bead or prayer.Getz, Christine Suzanne. Music in the collective experience in sixteenth-century Milan, p.261, 2006
Alanus de Rupe encouraged the rosary to be prayed in front of an image of Christ or the Virgin Mary. This style of meditation later resulted in meditation using narrative images, the first of which was eventually printed by Dinkmut in Ulm, Germany. The use of "image directed rosary meditation" soon gained popularity and at the end of the 16th century the most widely used rosary meditation in Germany was not a written one, but a picture text.
During the 16th century, the use of images as a form of religious instruction and indoctrination via silent preaching (muta predicatio) was promoted by Gabriele Paleotti in his "Discourse on Sacred and Profane Images."Mitchell, Nathan. The Mystery of the Rosary: Marian Devotion and the Reinvention of Catholicism, pp.37-42, 2009 As the use of devotional images came to be seen as the "literature of the layman", Paleotti's goal of the transformation of Christian life through the use of sacred images fostered and promoted Marian devotions including the Rosary.Marino, Adrian. The biography of "The idea of literature" from antiquity to the Baroque, p.46, 1996
By the 17th century, the 15 wood cut images of the picture rosary had become very popular and rosary books began to use them across Europe. In contrast to written rosary meditations, the picture texts changed little and the same set of images appeared in woodcuts, engravings, and devotional panels for over a hundred and fifty years.
Meditation and contemplation
The word meditation comes from the Latin word meditari which means to concentrate.Antonisamy, F. An introduction to Christian spirituality, p.76, 2000 In 1577 in her book Interior Castle (Mansions 6, Chapter 7), Teresa of Avila, a Doctor of the Church, defined the general approach to Christian meditation as follows:Teresa of Avila, Interior Castle 1979 page 147
By meditation I mean prolonged reasoning with the understanding, in this way. We begin by thinking of the favor which God bestowed upon us by giving us His only Son; and we do not stop there but proceed to consider the mysteries of His whole glorious life.
This perspective can be viewed as the basis of most scriptural rosary meditations.Walls, Ronald. This Is Your Mother: The Scriptural Roots of the Rosary, p.4, 2003 Scriptural meditations on the rosary build on the Christian tradition of Lectio Divina (divine reading) as a way of using the Gospel to start a conversation between the soul and Christ.
Christian meditation is differentiated from contemplation which involves a higher level of focus and detachment from the surroundings and environment.Poulain, Augustin. "Contemplation." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 7 Oct. 2014 The word contemplation (coming from the Latin root templum, i.e. to cut or divide) means to separate oneself from the environment. John of the Cross called contemplation "silent love" and viewed it as an intimate union with God.Provencher, Maureen. Mysteries in My Hands: Young People, Life and the Rosary, p.28, 2005 Contemplation with the rosary is the next step beyond scriptural meditation. This does not mean that the Gospel is ignored during contemplation, but that the focus moves toward the love of God.Storey, William George. The Complete Rosary: A Guide to Praying the Mysteries, p.59, 2006
In his 2002 encyclical Rosarium Virginis Mariae, Pope John Paul II emphasized that the final goal of Christian life is to be transformed, or "transfigured", into Christ, and the rosary helps believers come closer to Christ by contemplating Christ. He characterized the contemplative aspects of the rosary as follow: "To recite the rosary is nothing other than to contemplate with Mary the face of Christ."Rosarium Virginis Mariae, § 3 And quoting Pope Paul VI he reiterated the importance of contemplation, stating that without contemplation, the rosary is "a body without soul."
The rosary may be prayed anywhere, but as in many other devotions its recitation often involves some sacred space or object, such as an image or statue of the Virgin Mary.Raitt, Jill. World spirituality, pp.100-101, 1987 Anyone can begin to pray the rosary, but repeated recitations over a period of time result in the acquisition of skills for meditation and contemplation.Griffin, Emilie. Simple Ways to Pray: Spiritual Life in the Catholic Tradition, p.85, 2005
Teachings of the saints
In the sixteenth century, Peter Canisius, a Doctor of the Church, who is credited with adding to the Hail Mary the sentence "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners," was an ardent advocate of the rosary and its confraternities.Braunsberger, Otto. "Blessed Peter Canisius." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 7 Oct. 2014 He developed and stressed the importance of the meditative aspects of the rosary and was one of the first among the early Jesuits to teach that the principle virtue of each mystery of the rosary should be applied to daily life.Stravinskas, Peter M. J., The Catholic Answer Book of Mary, p.131, 2000
Louis de Montfort, one of the early proponents of the field of Mariology, was a strong proponent of the rosary. He joined the Third Order of the Dominicans in 1710, soon after being ordained a priest, in order to preach the rosary.Burke, Raymond. Mariology: A Guide for Priests, Deacons, Seminarians, and Consecrated Persons, p.708, Queenship Publishing, 2008, His books Secret of the Rosary and True Devotion to Mary influenced the Mariological views of several popes. In Secret of the Rosary he taught how "focus, respect, reverence, and purity of intention" are essential in praying the rosary. He stated that it is not the length of a prayer that matters, but the fervor, purity, and respect with which it is said, e.g. a single meditatively said Hail Mary is worth many that are badly said. In the Secret of the Rosary, he also taught how to fight distractions to achieve the proper mindset for meditating with the rosary.de Montfort, Louis. The Secret of the Rosary, "Roses" (i.e. chapters) 41-43, Tan Books & Publisher, 1976. ,
In the eighteenth century, Alphonsus Liguori, a Doctor of the Church, also emphasized the need for proper devotion when praying the rosary. In The Glories of Mary he wrote that the Virgin Mary would be more pleased with five decades of the rosary said slowly with devotion than with fifteen said in a hurry and with little devotion. He recommended that the rosary should be said kneeling before an image of the Virgin Mary and before each decade to make an act of love to Jesus and Mary and ask them for a particular grace.Liguori, Alphonsus. The Glories of Mary, p.481, Liguori Publications, 2000,
Padre Pio was a firm believer in meditation in conjunction with the rosary and said: "Love the Madonna and pray the rosary, for her rosary is the weapon against the evils of the world today. ...The person who meditates and turns his mind to God, who is the mirror of his soul, seeks to know his faults, tries to correct them, moderates his impulses, and puts his conscience in order."Kelly, Liz. The Rosary: A Path Into Prayer, pp.79, 86, 2004
Papal views In 1569 Pope Pius V, a Dominican himself, officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church with the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices and in 1571 called for all of Europe to pray the rosary for victory at the Battle of Lepanto.Scaperlanda, Maria Ruiz. The Seeker's Guide to Mary, p.151, 2002 Cizik, Ladis J. "Our Lady and Islam: Heaven's Peace Plan", EWTNChesterton, Gilbert Keith, Lepanto, Ignatius Press, 2004,
Pope Leo XIII promulgated ten encyclicals on the rosary and instituted the Catholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October. In 1883 he also created the Feast of Queen of the Holy Rosary.Remigius Baumer, 1988, Marienlexikon, St. Ottilien, pp.41 In Laetitiae sanctae Leo XIII wrote that he was "convinced that the rosary, if devoutly used, is of benefit not only to the individual but society at large."
Pope Pius XII emphasized the benefits of rosary meditations in his encyclical Ingruentium Malorum and wrote: And truly, from the frequent meditation on the Mysteries, the soul little by little and imperceptibly draws and absorbs the virtues they contain, and is wondrously enkindled with a longing for things immortal, and becomes strongly and easily impelled to follow the path which Christ Himself and His Mother have followed.Pope Pius XII. Ingruentium Malorum, Vatican
The popes of the 19th and 20th centuries up to Pope Paul VI stressed the Mariological aspects of the rosary. However, in 1974 in his Apostolic Exhortation Marialis Cultus, Pope Paul VI focused more on its traditional meditative, Christocentric nature and stated: "The rosary is therefore a prayer with a clearly Christological orientation."Pope Paul VI, Marialis Cultus § 46