The Permanent Court of International Justice was an international court attached to the League of Nations. The Court initially consisted of 11 judges and 4 deputy judges, recommended by member states of the League of Nations to the Secretary General of the League of Nations, who would put them before the Council and Assembly for election. The Council and Assembly were to bear in mind that the elected panel of judges was to represent every major legal tradition in the League, along with "every major civilization". Each member state was allowed to recommend 4 potential judges, with a maximum of 2 from its own nation. Judges were elected by a straight majority vote, held independently in the Council and Assembly.Scott (1921) p.556 The judges served for a period of nine years, with their term limits all expiring at the same time, necessitating a completely new set of elections.Hudson (1930) p.719 The judges were independent and rid themselves of their nationality for the purposes of hearing cases, owing allegiance to no individual member state, although it was forbidden to have more than one judge from the same state. As a sign of their independence from national ties, judges were given full diplomatic immunity when engaged in Court business The only requirements for a judge were "high moral character" and that they have "the qualifications required in their respective countries [for] the highest judicial offices" or be "jurisconsults of recognized competence in international law".Moore (1922) p.504
The first panel was elected on 14 September 1921, with Deputy Judges elected 2 days later.Scott (1921) p.557 In 1930 the number of judges was increased to 15 and a second set of elections were held on 25 September.Hudson (1931) p.23 Judges continued to hold their posts, despite the Court not sitting for most of the 1940s due to the Second World War, until they resigned en masse in October 1945.Hudson (1957) p.569 Judges were paid 15,000 Dutch florins a year, with daily expenses of 50 florins to pay for living expenses, and an additional 45,000 florins for the President, who was required to live at The Hague. Travelling expenses were also provided, and a "duty allowance" of 100 florins was provided when the court was sitting, with 150 for the Vice-President. This duty allowance was limited to 20,000 florins a year for the judges and 30,000 florins for the Vice-President; as such, it provided for 200 days of court hearings, with no allowance provided if the court sat for longer. The deputy judges received no salary, but when called up for service were provided with travel expenses, 50 florins a day for living expenses and 150 florins a day as a duty allowance.Moore (1922) p.506
List of judges NationalityNameTerm as a judgeOther rolesReason for terminationNotes15 January 1931 — 28 December 1934President 1931–1933DiedJanuary 1922 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse January 1922 — October 1945President 1928–1930Court resigned en masse January 1922 — 1 March 1923 Died January 1922 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse 15 January 1931 — 15 January 1936 Resigned 26 September 1938 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse15 January 1931 — October 1945 Court resigned en masseJanuary 1922 — 9 March 1929 Died 19 September 1929 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse 15 January 1931 — October 1945Vice President 1931–1936, President 1936–1946Court resigned en masse8 October 1936 — 7 July 1937 DiedHudson (1931) p.23January 1922 — 6 December 1930 President 1925–1927, Vice President 1928–1931Not re-elected 8 October 1931 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse 8 September 1928 — 15 February 1930 Resigned Hudson (1931) p.2119 September 1929 — October 1945President 1934–1936, Vice President 1936–1946Court resigned en masse25 September 1930 — 9 September 1935 Resigned Hudson (1931), p. 22.January 1922 — 6 December 1930President 1922–1924Not re-elected January 1922 — 11 April 1928Resigned 17 September 1935 — 15 January 1942Resigned 15 January 1931 — October 1945 Court resigned en masseJanuary 1922 — 6 December 1930Not re-electedJanuary 1922 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected15 January 1931 — 11 July 1936 Died15 January 1931 — 24 March 1940 Died15 January 1931 — 25 August 1935 Died 10 September 1923 — 6 December 1930 Not re-elected 8 October 1936 — October 1945 Court resigned en masse15 January 1931 — 9 January 1942 Resigned27 May 1937 — October 1945 Court resigned en masseJanuary 1922 — 31 August 1928Vice President 1922–1928Died
List of deputy judges NationalityNameTerm as a deputy judgeReason for terminationNotes30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930Not re-elected30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930Not re-electedScott (1921) p.55815 January 1931 — 1 February 1936Post abolished15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936Post abolished30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930Not re-elected15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936Post abolished15 January 1931 — 1 February 1936Post abolished30 January 1920 — 6 December 1930Not re-elected
References General References
Specific References
Bibliography