The German composer Carl Maria von Weber (1786–1826) is best known for his operas, of which he wrote 10 between 1798 and 1826. His first four exist in various states: ( 1798) is completely lost; two fragments survive for Das Waldmädchen (1800); the libretto to Peter Schmoll und seine Nachbarn (1803) is lost; and only three numbers from Rübezahl ( 1804–05) survive. Weber's mature operas—Silvana (1810), Abu Hassan (1811), Der Freischütz (1821), Die drei Pintos ( 1820–21), Euryanthe (1823), Oberon (1826)—all survive intact; they were all performed within his lifetime, except Die drei Pintos which was posthumously completed by Gustav Mahler. His contributions to the genre were crucial in the development of German Romantische Oper (German Romantic Opera) and its national identity, exhibiting much influence on Richard Wagner. Der Freischütz, his most famous and significant work, remains among the most revered German operas.
After his family moved to Munich in 1798, the 13 year old Weber began study with Johann Nepomuk Kalcher, under whose supervision he wrote his first opera, the Singspiel Die Macht der Liebe und des Weins; the work was never performed. Two years later in Freiburg, he embarked on his second opera, Das Waldmädchen, to a libretto by Carl von Steinsberg, whose traveling company premiered it the same year. The two surviving fragments of the work show little sophistication, although it received moderate success. Weber's next opera, Peter Schmoll und seine Nachbarn, was written in Salzburg under the supervision of Michael Haydn to a libretto by Josef Türk after Carl Gottlob Cramer's popular novel of the same name. Premiered in 1803 in Augsburg, the work did not match the novel's popularity and was subsequently forgotten. In 1804 Weber was appointed Kapellmeister at the Breslau Opera and worked with a libretto by the theatre's director Johann Gottlieb Rhode (after a story by Johann Karl August Musäus), to produce Rübezahl. The work was never performed and the three extant fragments show little improvement in his craft. After his two-year tenure, Weber spent time in modern-day Pokój, Opole Voivodeship and eventually moved to Stuttgart where he began Silvana.
Weber's first operatic success came with Silvana, on a libretto by that was reworked from Steinsberg's earlier one to Das Waldmädchen. While its initial premiere in 1810 in Frankfurt was only moderately successful, a Berlin premiere was very well received. When in Stuttgart, Weber and Hiemer had also begun a short Singspiel based on One Thousand and One Nights, Abu Hassan, which premiered in 1811 Munich to a second success for Weber. His operatic composition paused following his appointment as director of the Opera in Prague, but resumed in 1817 when he became director of the Dresden Opera and began work on Der Freischütz, based on Johann Apel's "The Fatal Marksman", an adaptation of the Freischütz tale. Briefly interrupted by a canceled royal commission for an opera entitled Alcindor, Der Freischütz premiered in 1821 in Berlin with a libretto by Johann Friedrich Kind and was extremely well received. Weber immediately began writing the Komische oper (comic opera) Die drei Pintos, to a libretto by Theodor Hell after novel Der Brautkampf, but put it aside when the success of Der Freischütz led to a commission from the prestigious Kärntnertortheater in Vienna. Die drei Pintos was left incomplete for the remainder of his life. His widow later approached Weber's friend and composer Giacomo Meyerbeer about completing the work; he did nothing with the sketches for 20 years. Eventually, Weber's grandson, , revised the text, and Mahler completed the music, premiering the work in 1888 at the Neues Stadttheater, Leipzig. The Kärntnertortheater commission resulted in the Grosse Heroisch-Romantische Oper (Great Heroic-Romantic opera) Euryanthe, on a libretto by Helmina von Chézy after a 13th-century French romance, which premiered at the Kärntnertortheater in 1823 to much praise. Weber's fame from Der Freischütz led to another important commission, this time from the Royal Opera House, London. For this he composed his final opera and only one in English, Oberon, to a libretto by James Planché, based on Christoph Martin Wieland's epic poem of the same name. The work received much acclaim. Weber died in London less than two months later.
List of operas + Operas by Carl Maria von WeberInformation is from and unless otherwise noted. Period Title Status Genre Acts Librettist Premiere J.Op. WeV Date Venue 1798 (The Power of Love and Wine) Completely lost Singspiel ? acts Unknown Unperformed Anh. 6 C.1 1800 Das Waldmädchen(The Girl of the Forest) Fragments Romantische Oper 2 acts Steinsberg 24 November 1800 Freiberg, Buttermarkt Anh. 1 C.2 1801–02 Peter Schmoll und seine Nachbarn(Peter Schmoll and his Neighbours) Dialogue lost Singspiel? 2 acts Türk after Cramer March? 1803 Augsburg J. 8Op. 8 C.3 1804–05 Rübezahl Fragments Opera 2 acts Rhode after MusäusUnperformed J. 44–6 C.4 1808–10 Silvana Survived Romantische Oper 3 acts after Steinsberg Frankfurt J. 87Score C.5 1810–11 Abu Hassan Survived Singspiel 1 act after One Thousand and One Nights 4 June 1811 Residenz, Munich J. 106Score C.6 1817–21 Der Freischütz(The Freeshooter) Survived Romantische Oper 3 acts Kind after Apel and Laun 18 June 1821 Schauspielhaus, Berlin J. 277Op. 77Score C.7 1820–21 Die drei Pintos(The Three Pintos) IncompleteCompleted by Mahler 1887 Komische Oper 3 acts Hell after Revisions by (text) and Mahler (music) 20 January 1888 Neues Stadt, Leipzig Anh. 5Score C.8 1822–23 Euryanthe Survived Grosse Heroisch-Romantische Oper 3 acts Helmina after a 13th-century French romance 25 October 1823 Kärntnertortheater, Vienna J. 291Op. 81Score C.9 1825–26 Oberon Survived Romantische Oper 3 acts Planché after Wieland 12 April 1826 Royal Opera House, London J. 306Score C.10
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