America's Health Rankings started in 1990 and is the longest-running annual assessment of the nation's health on a state-by-state basis. It is founded on the World Health Organization holistic definition of health, which says health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. America's Health Rankings is a partnership of the United Health Foundation, and the American Public Health Association.
America's Health Rankings releases two yearly reports, one on the health of the general population in the 50 US states plus a senior report on the population aged 65 and older in each state. Both reports include some health metrics that are stratified by race/ethnicity, gender, age, education, place of residence, and economic status. State rankings are based on a methodology approved by a Scientific Advisory Committee. This methodology balances the contributions of health determinants—including 1) Behaviors; 2) Community and Environment; 3) Policy pertaining to our health care system, government, and numerous prevention programs; and 4) Clinical Care received—and Outcomes such as diabetes and deaths from cardiovascular disease.
Purpose The ultimate purpose of the two reports is to improve the health of the US population by providing information that stimulates individuals, elected officials, health care professionals, public health professionals, employers, educators, and communities to act and create change. The publication of the rankings stimulates conversations concerning health in each state and across the nation. The fundamental conviction of America's Health Rankings is that each person in his or her capacity as an employee, employer, educator, student, voter, community volunteer, health care professional, public health professional, or elected official can contribute to the advancement of the health of his or her state.
History America's Health Rankings was first published in 1990 and ranked the 50 US states using 16 health measures. The 2014 25th anniversary edition of the report used 27 Core Measures and 22 Supplemental Measures to evaluate the health of each state and the nation. America's Health Rankings Senior Report started in 2013 and used 34 Core Measures as well as five Supplemental Measures.
Scientific Advisory Committee In 2002 United Health Foundation and the American Public Health Association commissioned the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health to do an ongoing review of America's Health Rankings. The Scientific Advisory Committee, currently led by Anna Schenck, PhD, MSPH, formed as a result and was charged with recommending improvements that maintain the value of the comparative, longitudinal information. Improvements also reflect the evolving role and science of public health as well as include adding and refining health measures as they become available and acceptable. The Scientific Advisory Committee includes representatives from local health departments, the American Public Health Association, current and former state health officers, and experts from many academic disciplines.
Measure selection Four primary considerations drive the design of America's Health Rankings and the selection of each measure: The overall rankings must represent a broad range of issues that affect a population's health. Individual measures need to use common health-measurement criteria. Data have to be available at a state level. Data must be current and updated periodically.
Components of health Americas Health Rankings includes in its model of health four groups of Determinants: Behaviors: Everyday activities that affect personal health habits as well as practices by individuals and families that affect personal health and the use of health resources. Behaviors can be modified especially when individuals are supported by the three other groups of Determinants below. Community and Environment: Daily conditions for living, working, shopping, exercising, etc., that affect achieving optimal health. Policy: Availability of resources to encourage and maintain health. Policy also influences the extent that public and health programs penetrate the general population. Policy measures can have a wide reach throughout a state, and they promote healthy living and judicious consumption of health care resources. Clinical Care: Access to as well as quality, appropriateness, and cost of care received at doctors' offices, clinics, and hospitals.
These four groups of measures influence health Outcomes of a state's population, and improving these Determinants will improve Outcomes. Most measures are a combination of activities in all four groups. For example, the prevalence of smoking is one of the Behaviors strongly influenced by the Community and Environment, by public Policy including taxation and restrictions on smoking in public places, and by Clinical Care received to treat the chemical and behavioral addictions associated with tobacco.
Methodology America's Health Rankings employs a unique methodology developed and annually reviewed by the Scientific Advisory Committee, a panel of leading public health scholars. This methodology weighs and balances the contributions of factors such as smoking, obesity, binge drinking, high school graduation rates, children in poverty, access to care, and incidence of preventable disease to evaluate the health of a state's population. The report is based on data from the U.S. Departments of Health and Human Services, Commerce, Education and Labor; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; the American Medical Association; the Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care Project; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the Administration on Aging; the National Center for Health Statistics; the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; National Federation to End Senior Hunger; the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; the Kaiser Family Foundation; Brown University; the American Geriatrics Society; the Commonwealth Fund; and the Trust for America's Health.
The overall score for each state is calculated by adding the z scores of each measure multiplied by its percentage of total overall ranking (weight) and the effect (positively or negatively correlated) it has on health. Weights for individual metrics vary from 7.5% to 2.5%. The ranking is the ordering of each state according to value.
Description of measures
2014 America’s Health Rankings The measures used in the 2014 America's Health Rankings are in two subgroups: Core Measures and Supplemental Measures.
Core Measures consist of health Determinants (risk factors), and health Outcomes. Determinants are actions that affect the population's future health, while Outcomes represent what has already occurred through death, disease, or missed days due to illness. There are four groups of Determinants: Behaviors, Community and Environment, Policy, and Clinical Care. The measures in these four groups influence a state's health Outcomes, and improving the Determinants over time will improve Outcomes.
Supplemental Measures provide additional perspective on the health in a state. Supplemental Measures do not factor into a state's overall score and ranking, but they are useful in forming a fuller understanding of the health of a state.
Core measures Behaviors Smoking: Percentage of adults who are smokers (smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and currently smoke). Data from CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Binge drinking: Percentage of adults who had four or more (women) or five or more (men) alcoholic beverages on at least one occasion in the past 30 days. Data from CDC BRFSS. Drug Deaths: Number of deaths due to drug injury of any intent (unintentional, suicide, homicide, or undetermined) per 100,000 people. Data from the National Vital Statistics System. Obesity: Percentage of adults who are obese with a body mass index (BMI) of 30.0 or higher. Data from CDC BRFSS. Physical inactivity: Percentage of adults who report doing no physical activity or exercise (such as running, calisthenics, golf, gardening, or walking) other than their regular job in the last 30 days. Data from CDC BRFSS. High School Graduation: Percentage of incoming ninth graders who graduate in four years from a high school with a regular degree. Data from the National Center for Education Statistics. Community and Environment Violent Crime: The number of murders, rapes, robberies, and aggravated assaults per 100,000 population. Data from FBI. Occupational Fatalities: Number of fatal occupational injuries in construction, manufacturing, trade, transportation, utilities, professional, and business services per 100,000 workers. Data from Census of Fatal Occuptional Injuries, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Children in Poverty: The percentage of persons younger than 18 years who live in households at or below the poverty threshold. Data from US Census Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement. Infectious Disease: Combined average z score using the values of incidence of Chlamydia, pertussis, and Salmonella per 100,000 population. Data from NCHHSTP Atlas, Summary of Notifiable Diseases MMWR. Air Pollution: Average exposure of the general public to particulate matter of 2.5 microns or smaller. Data from EPA and US Census. Policy Lack of Health Insurance: Percentage of the population that does not have health insurance privately, with employers, or through the government. Data from American Community Survey. Public Health Funding: State funding dedicated to public health and federal funding directed to states by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Health Resources and Services Administration. Data from Trust for America's Health. Immunization—Children: Percentage of children aged 19 to 35 months receiving the recommended doses of DTaP, polio, MMR, Hib, hepatitis B, varicella, and PCV vaccines. Data from National Immunization Survey. Immunization—Adolescents: Percentage of adolescents aged 13 to 17 years who have received one dose of Tdap since the age of 10 years, one dose of meningococcal conjugate vaccine, and three doses of HPV vaccine (females). Data from National Immunization Survey. Clinical Care Low birthweight: Percentage of infants weighing less than 2,500 grams (5 pounds, 8 ounces) at birth. Data from the National Vital Statistics System. Primary Care Physicians: Number of primary care physicians (including general practice, family practice, OB-GYN, pediatrics, and internal medicine) per 100,000 population. Data from the AMA. Dentists: Number of dentists per 100,000 population. Data from the ADA. Preventable Hospitalizations: Discharge rate of Medicare beneficiaries from hospitals for ambulatory care-sensitive conditions. Data from The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care. Outcomes Diabetes: Percentage of adults who have been told by a health professional that they have diabetes (excludes pre-diabetes and gestational diabetes). Data from CDC BRFSS. Poor Mental Health Days: Number of days in the previous 30 that adults report their mental health was not good. Data from CDC BRFSS. Poor Physical Health Days: Number of days in the previous 30 that adults report their physical health was not good. Data from CDC BRFSS. Disparity in Health Status: Percent difference in adults aged 25 and older with a high school degree versus those without a high school degree who report their health is very good or excellent. Data from CDC BRFSS. Infant Mortality: Number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births. Data from the National Vital Statistics System. Cardiovascular Deaths: Number of deaths due to all cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease and strokes, per 100,000 populations. Data from the National Vital Statistics System.