This is a list of the various monarchs in the history of Sindh.
Sambus (326 BC) King Sambus ruled until he was defeated by Alexander during his invasion in the region of Indus Valley in 326 BC. Sambus ruled Aror and Bolan and his capital was Sindimana. He was contemporary of Musicanus.
Rai dynasty (480–632 AD) Known rulers of the Rai dynasty are: NameReignNotesRanaditya Satya480 AD – Unknown Rai DiwajiUnknownRai Sahiras IIUnknownRai Sahasi IIUnknown – 632 AD
Brahmin dynasty (632–712 AD) The known rulers of the Brahmin dynasty are: NameReignNotes ChachChandarDāhirRuled from Alor
Vilayet As-Sindh (Umayyad Caliphate) (712–750 AD)
In 712, Sind was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate. The emirs appointed by the caliphate are as below; Name Years NotesMuhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi711–715Conquered Sind. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-ThaqafiAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 304–7, 310, 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–25; al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 149; Crone, p. 135Habib ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi715–717Appointed either by the caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik or by Salih ibn Abd al-RahmanAl-Ya'qubi, p. 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, p. 225; Crone, p. 141. Habib either was dismissed or resigned, since he remained alive until 102/720; al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 134–7Abd al-Malik ibn Mismafrom 717Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Basra, Adi ibn Artah al-FazariKhalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 322Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahilito 720Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Adi ibn ArtahKhalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 322, 333; al-Baladhuri, p. 225Ubaydallah ibn Ali al-Sulamifrom 721Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Umar ibn Hubayra al-FazariKhalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 333; Crone, p. 146Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murrito 726Appointed by Umar ibn HubayraAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 379–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 333, 359; al-Baladhuri, pp. 226–7; Crone, pp. 98; 147Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbifrom 726Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Khalid ibn Abdallah al-QasriAl-Ya'qubi, p. 380; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; al-Baladhuri, p. 227-8; Crone, p. 148. Al-Ya'qubi and al-Baladhuri both give his nisbah as al-'Utbi. According to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, he was dismissed from officeAl-Hakam ibn Awanato 740Appointed by Khalid ibn AbdallahAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 388–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359; al-Baladhuri; pp. 228–9; Crone, p. 147Amr ibn Muhammad al-Thaqafi740–744Son of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-ThaqafiAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 389–90, 399–400; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359, 366; al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200Yazid ibn Irar al-Kalbi(?)740sName and details of governorship given variously in the sources. See especially this noteIn al-Ya'qubi, pp. 399–400, 407, this individual is named as Yazid ibn Irar (although the editor, p. 389, notes variant readings, including Izzan) and is said to have replaced 'Amr ibn Muhammad as governor in the reign of al-Walid ibn Yazid; he remained as governor until Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi arrived in Sind and killed him. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 357, calls him Muhammad ibn Irar al-Kalbi and claims he became governor on an interim basis, after the death of al-Hakam ibn Awana; subsequently he was dismissed in 122/740 by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, and replaced with Amr. All this is said to have taken place during the reign of Hisham. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200, calls him "Muhammad ibn Ghazzan – or Izzan – al-Kalbi" and states that he was appointed to succeed Amr in 126/744 by the governor of Iraq, Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, in the reign of Yazid ibn al-Walid; he does not specify Muhammad's fate.Mughallis al-Abdi751(?)Appointed either by the caliph al-Saffah or by the governor of Khurasan, Abu MuslimAl-Ya'qubi, p. 407; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi747–750Initially took Sind as an anti-Umayyad rebel, then confirmed as governor by the AbbasidsAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 195, 198, 203; Crone, p. 158 Vilayet As-Sindh (Abbasid Caliphate)(750–861 AD)
Name Years NotesMansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi750–751Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi752–754Appointed either by al-Saffah or by Abu MuslimAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 429, 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 413, 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203-04; v. 28: p. 75; Crone, p. 186'Uyaynah ibn Musa al-Tamimi754–760Son of Musa ibn Ka'b, who appointed himAl-Ya'qubi, p. 447-8; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 75, 77–8; Crone, p. 186. According to both al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, 'Uyaynah's rebellion occurred in the year 142/759Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard760–768Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph al-MansurAl-Ya'qubi, p. 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 231, who however places 'Umar's governorship after Hisham ibn 'Amr's; al-Tabari, v. 28: p. 78; v. 27: pp. 51–55; Crone, p. 134Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi768–774Appointed by al-MansurAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 448–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230–1; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 51, 54–6, 68, 77, 79; Crone, pp. 167–8Bistam ibn Amr al-Taghlibi774(?)Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr, who appointed himKhalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; Crone, p. 168. Al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 180, 193, however, says that Bistam was governor after the death of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil until the arrival of Rawh ibn Hatim to Sind, although he also claims (p. 172) that Rawh was appointed as governor immediately following Ma'bad's death. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448, mentions Bistam as Hisham ibn Amr's deputy in al-Mansurah, but makes no mention of him as a full governor.Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil al-Tamimi774-775/6Variant name given by Ibn Khayyat. Appointed by al-MansurAl-Ya'qubi, p. 449; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433, where however he is named as Sa'id ibn al-Khalil (which the editor notes is a possible error); al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 79, 80, 172. Ibn Khayyat says that he died in the reign of al-Mansur, while al-Tabari claims that he died in 159/776, in the reign of al-Mahdi.Muhammad ibn Ma'bad al-Tamimi775(?)Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil, who he succeeded as governorKhalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 433 (where he is named as Muhammad ibn Sa'id), 440 (where he is Muhammad ibn Ma'bad)Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi776–778Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph al-Mahdial-Ya'qubi, p. 479; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 195, 203, who however places Rawh's appointment in 160/777; Crone, p. 134Nasr ibn Muhammad al-Khuza'i778–781Appointed by al-MahdiAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 479–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 203, 216, 218; Crone, p. 185Al-Zubayr ibn al-'Abbas781(?)Not listed by Ibn Khayyat. Never went to Sind. Appointed by al-MahdiAl-Ya'qubi, p. 480Sufyah ibn Amr al-Taghlibi(?)781–782Name given variously in the sources. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by al-MahdiAl-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari v. 29: p. 219, who all give different names for this individual; Crone, p. 168Layth ibn Tarif782–785Appointed by al-MahdiAl-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: p. 222; Crone, p. 192Muhammad ibn Layth785–786Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Layth ibn Tarif. Appointed during the caliphate of al-HadiKhalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 446Layth ibn Tariffrom 786Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Re-appointed, this time by the caliph al-RashidKhalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 192Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi780sSalim's nisbah is given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-RashidAl-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 194Ibrahim ibn Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi780sNot listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Salim, who he succeeded as governorKhalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimifrom 790First cousin twice removed of al-Rashid, who appointed himAl-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 109Muhammad ibn Tayfur al-Himyari(?)790sName given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-RashidAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 493–4, where however he is named as Tayfur ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mansur al-Himyari; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; p. 195Kathir ibn Salm al-Bahili790sGrandson of Qutayba ibn Muslim. Deputy governor for his brother Sa'id ibn SalmAl-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 137Muhammad ibn Adi al-Taghlibi790sNephew of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by the governor of Basra, 'Isa ibn Ja'far al-HashimiAl-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 168Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman790sAppointed either by al-Rashid or by Muhammad ibn AdiAbdallah ibn Ala al-Dabbi790sNot listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Abd al-Rahman ibn SulaymanAyyub ibn Ja'far al-Hashimito 800Second cousin once removed of al-Rashid, who appointed himAl-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463Dawud ibn Yazid al-Muhallabi800–820Last governor listed by Ibn Khayyat. Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by al-RashidAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 494, 532; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 173; v. 32: p. 106; Crone, p. 135Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi820–826Son of Dawud ibn Yazid, who he succeeded as governor. Confirmed in office by the caliph al-Ma'munAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 557–8; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 106, 175, 179, 189; Crone, p. 135Hajib ibn Salih826Appointed by al-Ma'munAl-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 175Ghassan ibn Abbad828–831Appointed by al-Ma'munAl-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 179–80, 189Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki831–836Member of the Barmakid family. Appointed by Ghassan ibn AbbadAl-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231Imran ibn Musa al-Barmakifrom 836Son of Musa ibn Yahya, who he succeeded as governorAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 557, 585; al-Baladhuri, pp. 231–2. Al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 189, says that Imran was appointed as chief financial officer of Sind by Ghassan, and does not mention Imran's father MusaAnbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi840sDeputy governor for Itakh al-TurkiAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 585, 593, who says that 'Anbasah was appointed in the caliphate of al-Wathiq (842–847) and stayed in Sind for nine years; al-Baladhuri, p. 218, who claims that he was governor during the reign of al-Mu'tasim (833–842)Harun ibn Abi Khalid al-Marwrudhito 854Appointed by the caliph al-MutawakkilAl-Ya'qubi, pp. 593, 599; al-Baladhuri, p. 219Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari854–861 Appointed by the caliph al-Mutawakkil
Habbari dynasty (861–1010 AD) The Habbari rulers stylised themselves as Emirs. Note: the dates below are only approximate. Title Name Reign Amir Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al Habbari 861–884 AD Amir Abdullah ibn Umar al Habbari 884–913 AD Amir Umar ibn Abdullah al Habbari 913–943 AD Amir Muhammad ibn Abdullah al Habbari 943–973 AD Amir Ali ibn Umar al Habbari 973–987 AD Amir Isa bin Ali al Habbari 987–987 AD Amir Manbi ibn Ali al Habbari 987–1010 AD the Emirs of Sindh were nominally allegiant to the Abbasid Caliphs throughout their rule.
Soomra dynasty (1010–1351 AD)
The list of Soomra rulers is as follows;