The Ottoman–Persian Wars also called the Ottoman–Iranian Wars were a series of wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid, Afsharid, Zand, and Qajar states of Iran (Persia) through the 16th–19th centuries. The Ottomans consolidated their control of what is today Turkey in the 15th century, and gradually came into conflict with the emerging neighboring Iranian state, led by Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty. The two states were arch rivals, and were also divided by religious grounds, the Ottomans being staunchly Sunni and the Safavids being Shia. A series of military conflicts ensued for centuries during which the two empires competed for control over eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Ottoman Iraq.
List Name of the war Sultan of Ottoman Empire Shah of Persian Empire Treaty at the end of the warVictorious Empire War of 1505–1517Selim IIsmail INoneOttoman Empire War of 1532–1555Suleiman ITahmasp ITreaty of Amasya (1555)Ottoman EmpireGábor Ágoston-Bruce Masters:Encyclopaedia of the Ottoman Empire, , p.280 War of 1578–1590Murad IIIMohammad Khodabanda, Abbas ITreaty of Constantinople (1590)Ottoman EmpireWar of 1603–1612Ahmed IAbbas ITreaty of Nasuh PashaPersian Empire War of 1616–1618Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman IIAbbas ITreaty of Serav (1618)Persian Empire War of 1623–1639Murad IVAbbas I, SafiTreaty of Zuhab (1639)Ottoman Empire War of 1730–1735Mahmud INader ShahTreaty of Constantinople (1736)Persian Empire War of 1743–1746Mahmud INader ShahTreaty of Kerden (1746)IndecisiveSelcuk Aksin Somel (2010), The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire, quote: "This indecisive military conflict resulted in the preservation of the existing borders.", The Scarecrow Press Inc., p. 170 War of 1776–1779 Abdul Hamid I Karim Khan ZandNoneIndecisive: "In 1775 the Wakil sent his brother (Moḥammad) Ṣādeq Khan to besiege Basra in Ottoman Iraq, which after a yearlong siege was taken and occupied until Karim Khan’s death in 1779": "Jealous of the Turkish port of Basra, Persian Regent Karim Khan sent a siege force under his brother Sadiq Khan. an Omani fleet broke the blocade but a relief force from Baghdad was repulsed and Governor Sulayman Aqa was finally starved into surrender" War of 1820–1823Mahmud IIFath-Ali Shah QajarTreaty of Erzurum (1823)Indecisive
Among the numerous treaties, the Treaty of Zuhab of 1639 is usually considered as the most significant, as it fixed present Turkey–Iran and Iraq–Iran borders. In later treaties, there were frequent references to the Treaty of Zuhab. Other conflicts Name of the war Sultan of Ottoman Empire Shah of Persian Empire Treaty at the end of the warVictorious Empire War of 1906Abdul Hamid IIMozaffar ad-Din ShahNoneIndecisive War of 1914–1918Mehmed VAhmad ShahArmistice of Mudros (1918)Indecisive
See also Ottoman–Safavid relations Habsburg–Persian alliance Franco-Ottoman alliance Russo-Persian Wars Russo-Turkish Wars Similar conflicts: Greco–Persian wars Roman–Persian wars Byzantine–Seljuk wars Battle of Ankara Battle of Otlukbeli Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727) Persian campaign (World War I)
References
Sources
Yves Bomati and Houchang Nahavandi,Shah Abbas, Emperor of Persia, 1587–1629, 2017, ed. Ketab Corporation, Los Angeles, , English translation by Azizeh Azodi.