Bolma is a genus of medium to large sea snails with a calcareous operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.
Fossil records The genus is known from the Eocene to the Recent periods (age range: from 33.9 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils shells have been found in France, Greece, Japan, Morocco, Spain, Vanuatu, Guam, Cyprus, Greece, South Africa, Spain, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, New Zealand, Australia and Tonga. There are about 5 extinct species. Description The central teeth of the radula have no cusps. They have a narrow long basal plate, which is produced above the body of the tooth. The latter is wide, oval, and not reflected above. Its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens which are, however, not stained. The laterals are of the usual form and bear cusps.
The imperforate shell has a turbinate shape. The spire is conic with whorls rounded at the periphery. The upper whorls are spiny. The base of the shell is convex. The operculum is nearly round with an excentric nucleus. The outside of the shell is polished, concave in the middle, with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral.G.W. Tryon (1888), Manual of Conchology X; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia
Distribution This marine genus has a wide distribution. It occurs in the Red Sea, the Eastern Indian Ocean, the West Pacific, the South China Sea, the East China Sea, and off South Africa, Indo-China, the Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland).
Species According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species are included within the genus Bolma:
†Bolma anacanthos Beu & Ponder, 1979 Bolma andersoni (E.A. Smith, 1902) Bolma aureola (Hedley, 1907) †Bolma austroconica Beu & Ponder, 1979 Bolma bartschii Dall, 1913 Bolma bathyraphis (E. A. Smith, 1899) Bolma boucheti Alf & Kreipl, 2011 Bolma castelinae Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 †Bolma crassigranosa Tenison Woods, 1877 Bolma exotica (Okutani, 1969) Bolma flava Beu & Ponder, 1979 †Bolma flindersi Tenison Woods, 1877 Bolma fuscolineata Alf & Kreipl, 2009 Bolma girgyllus (Reeve, 1861) †Bolma granosa Borson, 1821 Bolma guttata (A. Adams, 1863) Bolma henica (Watson, 1885) Bolma jacquelineae (Marche-Marchad, 1957) Bolma johnstoni (Odhner, 1923) Bolma kermadecensis Beau & Ponder, 1979 Bolma kiharai Kosuge, 1986 Bolma kreipli Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 Bolma maestratii Alf & Kreipl, 2009 Bolma mainbaza Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 †Bolma marshalli Thomson, 1908 Bolma martinae Kreipl & Alf, 2005 Bolma massieri Bozzetti, 1992 †Bolma meynardi Michelotti, 1847 Bolma microconcha Kosuge, 1985 Bolma midwayensis (Habe & Kosuge, 1970) Bolma millegranosa Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958 Bolma minuta Neubert, 1998 Bolma minutiradiosa Kosuge, 1983 Bolma modesta (Reeve, 1843) Bolma opaoana Bouchet & Métivier, 1983 Bolma persica (Dall, 1907) Bolma pseudobathyraphis Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 Bolma recens Dell, 1967 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 Bolma redoniana Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2023 Bolma rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767) Bolma sabinae Alf & Kreipl, 2004 Bolma somaliensis Beu & Ponder, 1979 Bolma tamikoana (Shikama, 1973) Bolma tantalea Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 Bolma tayloriana (E.A. Smith, 1880) Bolma venusta (Okutani, 1969)
The following species are also included in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database OBIS : Bolma Bolma (Galeoastraea) asteriola (Dall, 1925)
References
Sacco, 1896, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, Parte 21: 19 Schepman, 1908, Siboga Expeditie, 49a: 27 Finlay, 1926, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 57: 367, 373 Williams, S.T. (2007). Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592 Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1–82, pls 104–245.