Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) was an international animal rights campaign to close down Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), Europe's largest contract animal-testing laboratory. HLS tested medical and non-medical substances on around 75,000 animals every year, from rats to primates."New bill clamps down on animal activist activity" , Drug Researcher, 17 November 2006. It had been the subject of several major leaks or undercover investigations by activists and reporters since 1989.
SHAC was started by three British animal rights activists—Greg Avery, Heather James, and Natasha Dellemagne—after video footage supposed to have been shot covertly inside HLS in 1997 by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) showed HLS staff shaking, punching, and shouting at beagles in their care.Alleyne, Richard. "Terror tactics that brought a company to its knees", The Daily Telegraph, 19 January 2001. Also see "It's a Dog's Life", Countryside Undercover, Channel Four Television, 1997. The footage was broadcast by Channel 4 in the UK, the employees were dismissed and prosecuted, and HLS's licence to perform animal experiments was revoked for six months. PETA stopped its protests against the company after HLS threatened it with legal action, and SHAC took over as a leaderless resistance.Doward, Jamie and Townsend, Mark. "Beauty and the beasts", The Observer, 1 August 2004.
The campaign used tactics ranging from protests and civil disobedience to the firebombing of private property connected with HLS' clients and investors. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which monitors US domestic extremism, has described SHAC's modus operandi as "frankly terroristic tactics similar to those of anti-abortion extremists," and in 2005 an official with the FBI's counter-terrorism division referred to SHAC's activities in the United States as domestic terrorist threats.Lewis, John E. "Statement of John Lewis", US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 26 October 2005, accessed 17 January 2011.
In 2009 and 2010, 13 members of SHAC, including Avery, James, and Dellemagne, were jailed for between 15 months and eleven years on charges of conspiracy to blackmail or harm HLS and its suppliers.
Background
HLS tests household cleaners, pesticides, weedkillers, food additives, chemicals for use in industry, and drugs for use against Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and cancer."A controversial laboratory", BBC News, 18 January 2001. It kills around 75,000 animals every year, including rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs, and primates (marmosets and macaques).
The company has been the subject of several undercover investigations since 1989. Sarah Kite of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) secured a job and filmed inside HLS in 1989. Zoe Broughton did the same for Channel 4 in 1996, as Michelle Rokke claimed to have done for PETA in 1997. Lucy Johnston for The Daily Express gained access in 2000. A diary kept by Kite, who worked undercover there for eight months, alleged that HLS workers routinely mishandled the animals, shouting at them, throwing them into their cages, and mocking them for having fits in response to toxicity tests. In 1997, Zoe Broughton came out with footage showing puppies being hit and shaken. A year later, Michelle Rokke allegedly obtained footage of the vivisection of a monkey in HLS in New Jersey, in which a technician expresses concern that the animal is inadequately anaesthetized."The First Investigation" ; "It's a Dog's Life" (Zoe Broughton for Channel Four in 1996); "HLS busted again" (Michelle Rokke for PETA in 1997); and Johnstone, Lucy and Calvert, Jonathan. "Terrible despair of animals cut up in name of research" (Lucy Johnston for The Daily Express in 2000). Also see Mann, Keith. From Dusk 'til Dawn: An insider's view of the growth of the Animal Liberation Movement. Puppy Pincher Press, 2007, pp. 198–199. "Undercover video footage of HLS employees apparently dissecting a live monkey", filmed at the HLS Princeton Research Center, New Jersey, accessed 20 June 2009. Between 2006 and 2008, an Animal Defenders International employee filmed undercover inside HLS after securing a position inside its primate toxicology unit in Cambridgeshire."Huntingdon Life Sciences Investigation", Animal Defenders International, 15 July 2009, accessed 17 January 2011. "HLS Infiltrated by Undercover Investigation", indybay.org, accessed 17 January 2011. Also see "Save the Primates", Animal Defenders International, shown at the European Parliament in February 2009, courtesy of YouTube, accessed 17 January 2011.
According to Mark Matfield of the Research Defence Society, a pro-animal testing lobby group in the UK, HLS lost a great deal of business after these investigations, primarily among the pharmaceutical industry. "There was an ingrained feeling among scientists and business people that this company had transgressed in a very serious way," he said.Rudacille, Deborah. The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The Conflict between Animal Research and Animal Protection. University of California Press, 2001, p. 286.
Structure
SHAC UK
SHAC was founded in November 1999 by Greg Avery; his second wife, Natasha Avery (née Dellemagne); and his first wife, Heather Nicholson (née James). Avery and Nicholson had been involved in previous high-profile campaigns against facilities in the UK that bred animals for laboratories. In 1997, after a ten-month campaign, they caused the closure of Consort Kennels, which bred beagles for animal research. Later that year, they started Save the Hill Grove Cats against Hill Grove farm in Oxfordshire, which bred cats for laboratories. The farm closed after two years.
They would meet every three months to receive updates from colleagues in the United States and Europe. Sarah Whitehead, an experienced campaigner known in the group as "Mumsy", would lead younger members and carry out up to five attacks in a night, according to the judge.
Methods
Secondary and tertiary targeting SHAC's modus operandi is known as secondary and tertiary targeting. Activists engage in direct action—ranging from lawful protests to intimidation, harassment, and violent attacks—not only against HLS, its employees, and its employees' families, but also against secondary and tertiary targets such as HLS's business partners, and their business partners, insurers, caterers, cleaners, children's nursery schools, and office suppliers."Childcare group warned of 'hell'", BBC News, 29 September 2005. Also see [ U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. A New York yacht club, for example, was covered in red paint because members of the club worked for Carr Securities, which traded in HLS shares.Lewis, John E. "Statement of John Lewis" , U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works, 26 October 2005, accessed 17 January 2011. The campaign drove down HLS's profits, suppressed its share price, and made it difficult to find business and financial partners."Money talks", The Guardian, 1 June 2006. "Lab firm ditched by share brokers", BBC News, 28 March 2001.
In 2001, HLS managing director in the UK, Brian Cass, was beaten outside his home by three masked men – animal rights activist David Blenkinsop was sentenced to three years in prison for the attack – and HLS marketing director Andrew Gay was attacked on his doorstep with a chemical spray to his eyes that left him temporarily blinded.
Shareholders
On 21 December 2000, HLS was dropped from the New York Stock Exchange because its market capitalization had fallen below NYSE limits, and on 29 March 2001, HLS lost both of its market makers and its place on the London Stock Exchange. Shortly after this, HLS moved its headquarters to the United States, incorporating as Life Sciences Research (LSR), and secured a $15m loan from investment bank Stephens, Inc, its largest shareholder. In September 2005, after the firebombing of the homes of a Canadian brokerage employee and a British pharmaceutical executive, the New York Stock Exchange asked LSR to delay moving its listing from the OTC Bulletin Board to the main exchange. LSR has since transferred its listing to the NYSE Arca electronic exchange. HLS is no longer a publicly traded company after being bought by CEO Andrew Baker."LSR goes private in Lion Holdings takeover", Outsourcing, pharma.com, 1 December 2009.
In June 2005, Vancouver-based brokerage Canaccord Capital announced that it had dropped a client, Phytopharm PLC, in response to the May 2005 Animal Liberation Front (ALF) firebombing of a car belonging to Canaccord executive Michael Kendall. The ALF stated on its website that activists placed an incendiary device under the car, which was in Kendall's garage at home when it caught fire during the night. Kendall and his family went into hiding. Phytopharm was targeted, as were those doing business with it, because it had business links with HLS.
In May 2006, an anonymous group said it would be writing to every one of GlaxoSmithKline's 170,000 small investors warning them to sell their shares. The letters began arriving at investors' home addresses on 7 May 2006, asking that shares be sold within 14 days, and that the group be informed of the sale by e-mail via a Hotmail address. The number of letters sent was smaller than claimed; the BBC said at least 50 shareholders received the warning. Writing in The Sunday Telegraph the following week, British Prime Minister Tony Blair expressed support for animal experimentation in the face of an "appalling ... campaign of intimidation."
Ties to the ALF Kevin Kjonaas – who took charge of SHAC UK while the Averys and James were jailed for six months in 2002 – declared his support for the ALF, and Robin Webb, spokesman for the ALF in the UK, attended and addressed SHAC conferences in the United States.
In 2006 the ALF warned that it was targeting HLS suppliers, and that year firebombed a car belonging to the finance director of Canaccord Capital, a brokerage firm. Members of SHAC said the company had acted as brokers for Phytopharm, which had used HLS for contract testing.Laville, Sandra and Campbell, Duncan. "Animal rights extremists in arson spree", The Guardian, 25 June 2006.
The FBI linked SHAC with attacks claimed by the militant animal rights group, the Animal Liberation Brigade. They issued an arrest warrant for Daniel Andreas San Diego, who they described as being "involved with the Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty campaign", in connection with bomb attacks against two of HLS's clients in California.Doyle, Leonard. Animal rights activist added to FBI's most wanted terrorist list, The Telegraph, 24 April 2009. San Diego was added to the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists List in 2009.
Convictions and legislation