Aelred of Rievaulx (), also known as Ailred, Ælred, or Æthelred; (1110 – 12 January 1167) was an English Cistercian monk and writer who served as Abbot of Rievaulx from 1147 until his death. He is venerated by the Catholic Church as a saint and by some Anglicans.
Life
Aelred was born in Hexham, Northumbria, in 1110,Thurston, Herbert. "St. Ælred." "The Catholic Encyclopedia," vol. 1 (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907). 20 September 2012 one of three sons of Eilaf, priest of St Andrew's at Hexham, himself a son of another Eilaf, treasurer of Durham.Bell, "Ailred of Rievaulx (1110–1167)" In 1095, the Council of Claremont had forbidden the ordination of the sons of priests. This was done in part to end the inheritance of benefices.Davies, John Reuben. "Aspects of Church Reform in Wales, c.1093 -c.1223", Anglo-Norman Studies XXX, (C. P. Lewis, ed.), Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2008, , p. 93 He may have been partially educated by Lawrence of Durham, who sent him a hagiography of Saint Brigid.
Aelred's early education was probably at the cathedral school at Durham. Aelred spent several years at the court of King David I of Scotland in Roxburgh, possibly from the age of 14,It is unclear exactly when Aelred joined King David's court. However, David became king in 1124, when Aelred was 14, and in his lament for David Aelred says he had known David "from the beginning of his age," which might well imply that Aelred had been at the court from around 1124. See Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study (London: SPCK, 1969), p12. rising to the rank of echonomusSee Walter Daniel, Vita A, ca. 2. (p91 of Cistercian Fathers translation) (often translated "steward" or "Master of the Household"). At some point during this period, Aelred became the target of personal harassment by a knight of the king's court, which came to a head in the king's presence and included a degrading sexual slur.McGuire, Brother and Lover, 1994, p. 48-49 Walter Daniel related this incident to demonstrate Aelred's forgiveness of the knight and his skill in conflict resolution, but around this time Aelred developed feelings of depression and alienation, and he left court at age twenty-four (in 1134) to enter the Cistercian abbey of Rievaulx in Yorkshire.'"The Lives of the Saints," Rev. S. Baring-Gould, 1:178 (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1914)McGuire, Brother and Lover, 1994, p. 50-52
In 1138, when Rievaulx's patron, Walter Espec, was to surrender his Wark on Tweed Castle to King David of Scotland, Aelred reportedly accompanied Abbot William of Rievaulx to the Scottish border to negotiate the transfer.Marsha L. Dutton, 'Introduction,' in Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010), p16; Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study (London: SPCK, 1969), p24. He saw that his reluctance to part from his friends at court delayed his adopting his monastic calling. For Aelred, the source and object of true friendship is Christ.Houston, James M., "Aelred of Rievaulx (1110-1167, Friend and Counselor", Knowing & Doing, February 2007
In 1142 Aelred travelled to Rome, alongside Walter of London, Archdeacon of York, to represent before Pope Innocent II the northern prelates who opposed the election of Henry de Sully, nephew of King Stephen as archbishop of York. The result of the journey was that Aelred brought back a letter from Pope Innocent summoning the superiors whom Aelred represented to appear in Rome the following March to make their deposition in the required canonical form. The resulting negotiations dragged on for many years.
Upon his return from Rome, Aelred became novice master at Rievaulx.Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study, (London: SPCK, 1969), p53. In 1143, he was appointed abbot of the new Revesby Abbey, a daughter house of Rievaulx in Lincolnshire. In 1147, he was elected abbot of Rievaulx itself,"Saint Aelred of Rievaulx", Encyclopedia Britannica. Online at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Aelred-of-Rievaulx a position he was to hold until his death. Under his administration, the abbey is said to have grown to some 140 monks and 500 conversi and laymen.Walteri Danielis Vita Ailredi Abbatis Rievall', ed. F. M. Powicke, (London, 1959), ca. 30.
His role as abbot required him to travel. Cistercian abbots were expected to make annual visitations to daughter-houses, and Rievaulx had five in England and Scotland by the time Aelred held office.Some evidence of these journeys remains. For instance, Walter Daniel records a visitation that Aelred made to Dundrennan. Aelred Squire, OP, Aelred of Rievaulx: A Study (London: SPCK, 1969), 65 Moreover, Aelred had to make the long sea journey to the annual general chapter of the Order at Cîteaux in France.It was probably during one of these journeys that he delivered the sermon titled as "To the Synod at Troyes."
Alongside his role as a monk and later abbot, Aelred was involved throughout his life in political affairs. The fourteenth-century version of the Peterborough Chronicle states that Aelred's efforts during the twelfth-century papal schism brought about Henry II's decisive support for the Cistercian candidate, resulting in 1161 in the formal recognition of Pope Alexander III.Marsha L. Dutton, "Introduction," in Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010), p17.
Aelred wrote several influential books on spirituality, among them Speculum caritatis ("The Mirror of Charity," reportedly written at the request of Bernard of Clairvaux) and De spirituali amicitiâ ("On Spiritual Friendship").On the use of spiritali instead of spirituali, see Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship, transl. by L. Braceland Cistercian Fathers series 5 (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2010), 25.
He also wrote seven works of history, addressing three of them to Henry II of England, advising him how to be a good king and declaring him to be the true descendant of Anglo-Saxon kings.
In his later years, he is thought to have suffered from the kidney stones and arthritis.Walter Daniel, "Vita Aelredi" Walter reports that in 1157 the Cistercian General Council allowed him to sleep and eat in Rievaulx's infirmary; later he lived in a nearby building constructed for him.
Aelred died in the winter of 1166–67, probably on 12 January 1167This is the traditional date for his feast within the Cistercian Order, as celebrated on the authority of Walter Daniel, Vita A, ca. 57. at Rievaulx.
De spirituali amicitiâ De spirituali amicitiâ ("On spiritual friendship"), considered to be his greatest work, is a Christian counterpart of Cicero's De amicitia and designates Christ as the source and ultimate impetus of spiritual friendship."Saint Aelred of Rievaulx", Encyclopedia Britannica, January 8, 2020 On top of its intellectual foundation, Aelred draws on his personal experience to provide "specific and concrete"McGuire, Brother and Lover, 1994, p. 110 recommendations for creating and maintaining long-term friendships. According to Brian McGuire, "Aelred believed that true love has a respectable name and a rightful place in good human company, especially that of the monastery." This "emphasis on the centrality of friendship in the monastic life places him outside the mainstream of the tradition. In writing a special treatise dedicated to friendship and indicating that he could not live without friends, Aelred outdid all his monastic predecessors and had no immediate successors. Whether or not his need for friendship is an expression of Aelred's sexual identity, his insistence on individual friendships in the monastic life meant a departure from what is implied in the Rule of St. Benedict."McGuire, Brother and Lover, 1994, p. 142 Within the wider context of Christian monastic friendship, "it was Aelred who specifically posited friendship and human love as the basis of monastic life as well as a means of approaching divine love, who developed and promulgated a systematic approach to the more difficult problems of intense friendships between monks."Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality, 1980, p. 222
It was likely at Durham that Aelred first encountered Cicero's Laelius de Amicitia. In Roman terminology amicitia means "friendship" and could be between states or individuals. It suggested an equality of status and in practice it might only be an alliance to pursue mutual interests.Scullard, Howard Hayes Scullard and Lintott, Andrew. "Amicitia", Oxford Classical Dictionary, December 2015 For Cicero, amicitia involved genuine trust and affection. "But I must at the very beginning lay down this principle —friendship can only exist between good men. We mean then by the 'good' those whose actions and lives leave no question as to their honour, purity, equity, and liberality; who are free from greed, lust, and violence; and who have the courage of their convictions."Marcus Tullius Cicero. Treatise on Friendship and Old Age, (E.S. Shuckburgh, tr.), 1903
In Confessions, Augustine of Hippo identifies three phases of friendship: adolescence, early adulthood and adulthood. Adolescent friendships are essentially self-interested comradeship. Augustine then describes a close friendship he had as a young adult with a colleague. This was based on love and grew out of shared interests and experiences and what each learned from the other. The third mature phase for Augustine is transcendent, in that he loves others "in Christ": the focus is on Christ and the point of friendship is to grow closer to Christ with and through friends.Morahan OSA, Michael. "St Augustine and friendship", OSA - Australia In writing of adolescent friendship Augustine said, "For I even burnt in my youth heretofore, to be satiated in things below; and I dared to grow wild again, with these various and shadowy loves: my beauty consumed away, and I stank in Thine eyes; pleasing myself, and desirous to please in the eyes of men. And what was it that I delighted in, but to love, and be loved?"The Confessions of Saint Augustine, Book 2, (Edward Bouverie Pusey, tr.) at sacred-texts.com
Aelred was greatly influenced by Cicero, but later modified his interpretation upon reading Augustine of Hippo's Confessions. In De spirituali amicitiâ, Aelred adopted Cicero's dialogue format. In the Prologue however, he mirrors Augustine's description of his early adolescence with the speaker describing his time at school, where "the charm of my companions gave me the greatest pleasure. Among the usual faults that often endanger youth, my mind surrendered wholly to affection and became devoted to love. Nothing seemed sweeter to me, nothing more pleasant, nothing more valuable than to be loved and to love."Aelred of Rievaulx, Spiritual Friendship , (Lawrence C. Braceland, tr.), Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2010, , p. 53
Posthumous reputation
Jocelyn of Furness, writing about Aelred after his death, described him as "a man of the highest integrity, of great practical wisdom, witty and eloquent, a pleasant companion, generous and discreet. And with all these qualities, he exceeded all his fellow prelates of the Church in his patience and tenderness. He was full of sympathy for the infirmities, both physical and moral, of others."McGuire, Brother and Lover, p. 131