Raman (Roman) Alyaksandravich Skirmunt (; 7 May 1868 – 7 October 1939) was a Belarusian and Polesian statesman, aristocrat and landlord. Patron, significant landowner, vice-chairman (1907–1917, 1918–?) of the Minsk Agricultural Society. Deputy (1906) of the First State Duma of the Russian Empire; deputy (1910–1911) of the State Council of the Russian Empire from the Minsk province; (nominal) Prime Minister of the BNR (1918) — was not approved for the post of Prime Minister; senator of Poland (1930–1935). His cousin Konstanty Skirmunt was a notable Polish diplomat and minister of foreign affairs.
Early years Raman Skirmunt was born in the village Parechcha in the Pinsky Uyezd of the Minsk Governorate (present-day Pinsk District of Belarus) in the family of Alexander Alexandrovich-Izidorovich Skirmunt (1830—1909), the representative of into the local noble family of the Catholic Lithuanian noble family of the Skirmunts. Raman Skyrmunt wrote about his origins:
His father was the son of Alexander Aliaksandrawicz Skirmunt (1830–1909), a prominent landowner of Pinsk District, and his mother was the daughter of Zyanon Janovich Lubanski (about 1807–1854), Viley District Marshall (1835 —1841, 1844—1847), from his wife Marta Lyavkovich.
He was the seventh child in the family, Teofila (1857) and Alexander (1858) were born in Albrechtov, and Branislava (1864), Yusuf (1862), Wanda (1866) and Vaclav (1867) were born in Parechcha. Alena (1869), Felicia (1873) and Zenon (1874) were born during Raman's lifetime, but Vaclav died tragically in 1872. On 30 April Raman was baptized in the Pinsk parish church by priest Vikentius Swidersky, the godparents were the landowner Kazimir Tvardovsky and his sister Maria Skirmunt from Tvardowski, the wife of Henrik Skirmunt from Moladov, the uncle of the newborn.
Education Skirmunt received only home and primary education. He graduated from three classes of the Riga City Gymnasium, but did not receive a diploma of secondary education, because according to the will of Alexander's parents, he was taken away from the gymnasium at age 15. He took over the responsibilities of managing the estate in order to provide financially for the whole family in the future.
Political and economic activity In early 20th century Skirmunt was among the leaders of the local krajowcy movement and advocated the creation of the Krajowcy Party of Lithuania and White Ruthenia as a common Polish-Belarusian-Lithuanian political organization.
Skirmunt was a member of the Minsk Agricultural Society (MTSG), and in 1904 he was elected a member of the Council of this society. He became a faithful friend, associate and, according to Count Ippolit Korvin-Milewski, "favorite student" of Edward Vainilovich in terms of economic work in the Moscow State University of Technology and political activity. In 1905–1911 he was the chairman of the Department for Agriculture Affairs and Needs of Minsky Polessie (Poleski Society of Agriculture), which was a department of the Minsk Society of Agriculture. He was the vice-chairman (1907–1917, 1918–?) of the Minsk Society of Agriculture and one of its leaders.
In 1906, under the patronage of Edward Vainilovich, Skirmunt was elected a deputy from Minsk province of the First Russian State Duma. In the official Duma questionnaire, Skirmunt registered himself as "Polish". The newspaper "Nowy Kurier Litewski" (No. 104, 1917) reported that in 1906, in one of the backroom conversations in the State Duma, Skirmunt once called himself a "Belarusian". On 25 March 1907 Raman Skirmunt became a member of the Supervisory Board of the Polish Society "Enlightenment" in Minsk.
Skirmunt helped found a Polish-Belarusian fraction, the so-called Western Borderlands Group (), which united with deputies from Polish provinces (the so-called "Polish circle from the Kingdom of Poland") and formed the core of the parliamentary group "Union of Autonomists". Skirmunt called for the creation of a regional party, the "Regional Party of Belarus and Lithuania". He envisioned the "regional party" project as an international bloc of Polish, Belarusian and Lithuanian political organizations.
Skirmunt, like other members of the Western Borderlands Group, spoke in defense of the right of private ownership of land and against the alienation of a part of privately owned lands: he stated that the creation (as proposed by the Russian Cadets) of a state fund of land would not solve the issue of increasing (or strengthening) peasant land ownership, because the fund would only offer peasants the use of land, not ownership, and in the Western region, where peasant land ownership prevailed, it would cause only misunderstanding and horror. He advocated instead the sale of the state land fund to peasants.
On 17 June 1907 a congress of landowners of six Belarusian–Lithuanian provinces took place in Vilnius to create the "National Party of Lithuania and Belarus", which had been announced long ago in the press. However, Skirmunt himself did not join the party, as he was unhappy with the fact that the "regional party" emerged as exclusively "Polish", and Skirmunt sought to create a party that would have three factions – Polish, Lithuanian and Belarusian. As a result, the Regional Party of Lithuania and Belarus was headed by the main leader of conservative regionalists, Edward Vainilovich.
From October 1910 to January 1911, Skirmunt was a senator-deputy of the State Council of the Russian Empire, where he was elected for a three-year term from the Minsk province under the patronage of Edward Vainilovich. In the official questionnaire, Skirmunt indicated that he had graduated from a gymnasium in Riga. However, because he could not document his claim that he received a gymnasium education and because it was necessary to have at least a high school education to qualify as a deputy of the State Council of the Russian Empire, Skirmunt was forced to leave the State Council in January 1911, to be replaced by Karol Nezabytovsky.
In 1911 he returned to Belarus and worked as leader of the local zemstvo of Minsk; he was also a member of the board of the Vilnius Land Bank. In 1914 he was a member of the Minsk Provincial Committee of the All-Russian Zemstvo Union.
War, revolution and independence efforts In January 1917, he headed the Minsk branch of the Belarusian Society for Aid to War Victims, which served to provide a cover for political groups banned by the German occupation forces. He was also the head of the Minsk Provincial Food Committee.
From 27 March to 10 July 1917 he was the chairman of the Belarusian National Committee in Minsk. In April 1917, he headed the Belarusian delegation to the Russian Provisional Government, which controlled the central and eastern territories of Belarus together with Minsk, demanding the autonomy of Belarus.
When, in connection with the elections to the Constituent Assembly of Russia, the Main Polish Election Committee of the Minsk District was established in Minsk on 8 October 1917, Skirmunt became a member of this committee. He took part in the elections of deputies from the Minsk province to the Constituent Assembly of Russia in Minsk as the first candidate from the list "Bloc of landowners" of the Minsk province (list No. 3 – which included Belarusian, Polish and Russian landowners), but lost.
After the October Revolution Skirmunt took part in the Belarusian Congress of District Councils of the Minsk Province, where he was among the initiators of the resolution of the Great Belarusian Council regarding the conclusion of peace between Russia and Germany and the unification of all Belarusian lands under Russian rule. He participated in the First All-Belarusian Congress, which was held on 7–18 December 1917 in Minsk, and was elected to the council of the congress, as an unofficial representative of local Polish and Belarusian interests.
During the German occupation of Minsk in February 1918, he headed the "Minsk Belarusian Representation". In April 1918 Skirmunt became a member of the Council of the newly proclaimed Belarusian Democratic Republic; in July he became Prime Minister of Belarus and secretary for foreign affairs. On 21 July 1918 he resigned from the post of Prime Minister. In November 1918 he led the Belarusian diplomatic delegation in Germany and Switzerland seeking international recognition of Belarus.
In November 1918, as part of an extraordinary Belarusian delegation, he was in Germany and Switzerland for the purpose of recognizing the independence of Belarus. He was one of the founders of the Polish–Belarusian Society in Warsaw (1919). Like Edward Vainilovich, he advocated the creation of a Polish–Belarusian federation. During the Polish-Soviet War he tried to prevent the division of Belarus between the opposing sides.
In interwar Poland (1921-1939) After the Polish-Soviet War and the division of Belarus according to the Riga Peace Treaty, he accepted Polish citizenship, while advocating autonomy for West Belarus within the Second Polish Republic, but was no longer politically active, mostly concentrating on his life in his manor. In 1923–1928 he held the elected position of judge of the Pinsk District Court. In 1923–1927 he was also the chairman of the Poleski District Society of Agriculture (Pinsk).
He took an active part in the social and cultural life of the Poleski Voivodeship. He devoted himself to literary studies and was engaged in the local history of Polesia, taking part in the creation of the Polesia Museum in Pinsk and supporting the idea of inter-ethnic and inter-religious tolerance in the region.
Only after the "May Coup" in 1926 did he regain interest in politics at the national level. In 1929 Skirmunt became a member of the Council of the Conservative Organization of State Work – a public association of the political group "Vilnius Conservatives", and in 1930 was elected senator (1930–1935) from the Pola Voivodeship, joining the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government, which supported the policies of József Piłsudski. Skirmunt opposed the Polishization of the Belarusian population.
Vilnius conservatives (Prince Eustachy Sapieha and Stanislav Matskevich (1896–1966)) also took an active part in drafting the new constitution of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, adopted on 23 April 1935. On 28 August 1933, in Vilnius, in the building of the Vilnius Land Bank, a meeting convened by the Conservative Organization of State Work was held, at which Prince Sapieha, who wrote the treatise "Constitution of State Interests" (Konstytucja racji stanu"), read a report on the legal solutions proposed in the new constitution. The meeting was chaired and managed by Senator Skirmunt.
Death and burial After the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union absorbed formerly Polish territory. In September 1939 the local population of Pinshchyna, which supported the Soviets, made a fatal mistake: they ran out to meet a train full of Polish soldiers with red banners. Skyrmunt fell on his knees in front of the latter so that they would not punish the peasants.
Having learned of the attack by the USSR, Skirmunt, his sister Elena, and her husband Bolyaslav Skirmunt left Parechcha for Pinsk. On the evening of 20 September 1939 units of the Red Army entered the city. In the following days, mass arrests of "class alien elements" took place. The Skirmunts were also arrested, but they stayed in prison only for a day. After interrogation and recording of personal data, they, like most other detainees, were released. Towards the end of September, Raman and Boleslav Skirmunty decided to return to Parechcha.