TaraškievicaArnold McMillin, Feminization of the Belarusian language // The Journal of Belarusian Studies 2013 (Volume 7, Number 1), pp. 120–122Iryna Lašuk and Aksana Šeliest, The symbolic and communicative dimensions of the linguistic practices of the Belarusian Poles // Belarusian political science review #1 (2011), pp. 142–168, Hanna Vasilevich, Belarusian Language: Current State and Perspectives // The Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity, Vol. VI./2012 (, ) or Belarusian Classical OrthographyCychun H. Weißrussisch // Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens / hrsg. von Miloš Okuka. Unter Mitw. von Gerald Krenn, 2002. — 1031 S. — Решение Высшего Хозяйственного Суда Республики Беларусь от 22.12.98 г № 2—1/98 по иску редакции газеты «Наша Нива» (г. Минск) к ответчику — Государственному комитету Республики Беларусь по печати — о признании недействительным предупреждения от 29 мая 1998 г. № 26 А. Ю. Мусорин (кандидат филологических наук). Вариативность названий стран в современном белорусском языке // Иностранные языки в научном и учебно-методическом аспектах. — Вып. 7. — Новосибирск, 2008. — С. 31—35 ()Ніна Баршчэўская (доктар філялягічных навук). Беларуская эміграцыя — абаронца роднае мовы. — Варшава: Катэдра Беларускай Філялёгіі Факультэт Прыкладной Лінгвістыкі і Ўсходнеславянскіх Філялёгіяў Варшаўскі Ўніверсітэт, 2004. С. 197Пётра Садоўскі (кандыдат філалагічных навук). Інавацыі 90-х гадоў у мове беларускіх недзяржаўных выданняў // Беларуская мова: шляхі развіцця, кантакты, перспектывы. Матэрыялы ІІІ Міжнароднага кангрэса беларусістаў «Беларуская культура ў дыялогу цывілізацый». Мн.: Беларускі Кнігазбор, 2001. . С. 224Юрась Бушлякоў, Вінцук Вячорка, Зьміцер Санько, Зьміцер Саўка. Беларускі клясычны правапіс. Збор правілаў. Сучасная нармалізацыя. Вільня—Менск, 2005. — 160 с. is a variant of orthography of the Belarusian language, based on the literary norm of the modern Belarusian language, the first normalization of which was made by Branisłaŭ Taraškievič in 1918, and was in official use in Belarus until the Belarusian orthography reform of 1933. Since 1933, Taraškievica has been used informally in Belarus and by the Belarusian diaspora abroad. In a more common sense Taraškievica is sometimes considered to be a linguistic norm.Беларуская мова. Лінгвістычны кампендыум. Мн., 2003.Сяргей Шупа.Тарашкевіца ў Слоўніку Свабоды // Arche № 7 (12) — 2000
The name Taraškievica (Tarashkyevitsa) is intended to emphasize the similarity of the orthography to the work of Branislaŭ Taraškievič and may have appeared before World War II.Клімаў І. Два стандарты беларускай літаратурнай мовы [2004 // Мова і соцыум. (TERRA ALBA. Том III). Магілёў, ГА МТ «Брама».
Around 1994, an alias, Classical Orthography, was introduced by Vincuk Viačorka, the promoter and author of the modern codification of the Taraškievica.Cf. [Клімаў 2004]. For instance see Vincuk Viačorka's article in Spadčyna magazine, 1994.
In 2005, with the publishing of the Belarusian Classical Orthography, the modern normalization of Taraškievica was made. In 2007 the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority assigned Taraškievica its own variant subtag "tarask" (full language tag of Belarusian in the Classical orthography is "be-tarask").
History
In 1918, prior to Belarus declaring independence, a desire for standardising the writing of Belarusian appeared. Several leading linguists made proposals: "Biełaruskaja hramatyka dla škoł" by Branislaŭ Taraškievič—the first edition used Łacinka (the Latin alphabet), and a Cyrillic variant soon followedAdam Varlyha [Язэп Гладкі]. Praktyčnyja nazirańni nad našaj žyvoj movaj. New York, 1966. S. 26 "Hramatyka biełaruskaj mowy" by Balaslaŭ Pačopka "Biełaruski prawapis" by Anton Luckievič and Jan Stankievič "Prosty sposab stаcca u karotkim časie hrаmatnym" by Rudolf Abicht and Jan Stankievič
Eventually, Taraškievič's proposal was considered preferable. This was for a number of reasons: Taraškievič's orthography was the most well-grounded; it covered the majority of orthographic collisions; it built upon the previous Belarusian orthography; exercises for teaching purposes were included; and it was sponsored by Belarusian political leaders of the time.
The work of Taraškievič provided the definitive model for the main features of Belarusian. All later proposals and reforms of the Belarusian language have been based on his codification.І. І. Крамко, А. К. Юрэвіч, А. І. Яновіч. Гісторыя беларускай літаратурнай мовы. Т. 2. Мінск, 1968. С. 162–163
Reform proposals and Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 In 1926 in Minsk an international conference on the reform of the Belarusian orthography was held, where some orthography issues were discussed. In 1927 a Linguistic Committee was formed which consisted of the Belarusian academicians and linguists, which worked on the problems of the Belarusian language and mainly developed the orthography norm by Taraškievič. In 1929 with the end of Belarusification the work of the committee was stopped. Despite this the results of its work was published in 1930.
In 1930 a group of scientists from the Belarusian Linguistic Institute started working on another proposal of Belarusian orthography reform. The authors of the proposal declared rejection of the ideas of "national democracy", which were, according to their beliefs, the base of the work by Linguistic Committee in 1927–1929. As a result, the group in 1933 proposed a deep revision of the Belarusian language, but kept the ideas of Taraškievič for loanwords in Belarusian and almost entirely reproduced the results of the 1930 proposal.
Despite this, the proposal was rejected by the USSR authorities because of too low loyalty of approaching of the Belarusian language to Russian.Клімаў І. Два стандарты беларускай літаратурнай мовы. — 2004 // Мова і соцыум. (TERRA ALBA. Том III). Магілёў, ГА МТ «Брама».Зьміцер Саўка. Мэханіка зьнявечаньня // Часопіс «Arche», 10 кастрычніка 2009 On 5 May 1933 Central Committee of the Communist Party of the BSSR formed a special Political Committee for revision of the Russian-Belarusian dictionary and new orthography rules of the Belarusian language.Гісторыя беларускага мовазнаўства, 1918–1941: Хрэстаматыя для студэнтаў філалагічнага факультэта. Ч. 1–2. Мінск: БДУ, 2005–2008. Ч. 2. 2008. С. 156 The Committee primarily consisted of politicians, and no linguist was included in it.
On 21 July 1933 a decree of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the BSSR was published which stated the end of the work on the Belarusian language reform.Гісторыя беларускага мовазнаўства, 1918–1941: Хрэстаматыя для студэнтаў філалагічнага факультэта. Ч. 1–2. Мінск: БДУ, 2005–2008. Ч. 2. 2008. С. 168 On 27 August 1933 the proposal was approved by the decree of the Belarusian Central Committee of the Communist Party without any public discussion.
The Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 adopted all the changes of the Academical 1933 proposal which approached the Belarusian language to Russian. The reform introduced both phonetic and morphological changes, as well as vocabulary of Belarusian, where the words with no direct equivalents in the Russian language were excluded and some Russian words introduced.Дзмітрый Шыманскі «Хто знішчыў беларускую мову?» // Дзедзiч, № 5 (24) (лістапад, 2003 г.) After the reform the manuscripts of the ready academic Belarusian dictionaries were destroyed.128. Як бальшавікі рэфармавалі беларускую мову? // Іван Саверчанка, Зьміцер Санько. 100 пытанняў і адказаў з гісторыі Беларусі. — Менск: «Звязда», 1993; 150 пытанняў і адказаў з гісторыі Беларусі. — Вільня: Наша Будучыня, 2002.
As a result of Belarusian orthography reform of 1933 more than 30 phonetic and morphological features of the Russian language were introduced in Belarusian.Русыфікацыя беларускае мовы // Ніна Баршчэўская. Беларуская эміграцыя – абаронца роднае мовы. — Варшава: Катэдра Беларускай Філялёгіі Факультэт Прыкладной Лінгвістыкі і Ўсходнеславянскіх Філялёгіяў Варшаўскі Ўнівэрсытэт, 2004. С. 169
After 1933 The legitimacy of the reform of grammar in 1933 was never adopted by certain political groups in West Belarus, unlike, e.g., the Communist Party of Western Belorussia (KPZB), neither by the emigrants, who left Belarus after 1944. This rejection was made an issue of ideology, and presented as anti-Russification.E.g., per Jerzy Turonek, Belarusian book under German control (1939–1944) (in edition: Юры Туронак, Беларуская кніга пад нямецкім кантролем, Minsk, 2002). One of the most vocal critics was Jan Stankievič, beginning with his 1936 publication.
However, rejecting all post-1933 official developments, the community was left with all the problems of the pre-1933 grammar virtually unaddressedcf. the materials of Society for the Cleanliness of Belarusian language, Prague, 1930s–1940s and effectively with no unified grammar to use.cf. the discussion between Jan Stankievič and Masiej Siadnioŭ in beg.1950s, the policy of Baćkaŭščyna printing house etc.
After the 1930s Taraškievica was primarily used by the Belarusian diaspora abroad. The only wide-scale use of the pre-1933 grammar on the territory of Belarus after the 1930s took place during the German occupation of Belarus in 1941–1944.
1980s and later During the perestroika period of the late 1980s, the movement for the return of Taraškievica in Belarus was initiated. At the beginning of the 1990s Taraškievica was used in Belarus along with the so-called “Narkamaŭka,” the official variant of Belarusian. On 14 June 1992 a conference of journalists and publishers who used the Classical orthography was held in Vilnius.
To solve the problem of standardization the Orthography Improvement Committee () was created. The Committee worked in 1991–1992 and in 1993 published its proposals for orthographic changes.
In 2005 to standardize Taraškievica a working group of four people (consisting of Juraś Bušlakoŭ, Vincuk Viačorka, Źmicier Sańko and Zmicier Saŭka) work proposed codification of Taraškievica called Belarusian Classical Orthography as a result of intensive discussions and several years. This proposal was adopted by major Taraškievica-using media, including the newspaper Nasha Niva, Belarusian ARCHE magazine, the Belarusian editions of Radio Free Europe and Radio Polonia. As well, this variant of orthography became preferable for use in the Belarusian Wikipedia in Taraškievica orthography (:be-tarask:)
On 27 April 2007 the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority assigned variant subtag "tarask" to Taraškievica. The full language tag of Belarusian in the Classical orthography is "be-tarask". As a language code of the Belarusian Wikipedia in Taraškievica orthography it was adopted, however, in September 2015, over 8 years after IANA decision. Previously (since March 2007 split-off of orthographical versions of Belarusian Wikipedia), "be-x-old" code was used.
Differences between Taraškievica and the official orthography
Phonetics and spelling
Official orthography Taraškievica Alphabet The variant from 1918. In the variant of the 2005 normalization of Taraškievica, an optional letter is introduced: ґ, indicating a plosive . The notation of assimilating 'softness' of consonants The assimilating 'softness' of consonants is an orthoepical norm, not reflected in the spelling.Examples: снег, з’ява, дзве. Determined using the soft sign, ь.Examples: сьнег, зьява, дзьве. The phonetic principle in spelling Generally limited to unstressed vowels.Examples: стагоддзе, не толькі, тэатр. Widespread, including consonants and at morpheme boundaries.Examples: стагодзьдзе, ня толькі, тэатар. Transliteration of foreign words The syllables [la], [lo], [lu] Transliterated mostly with a 'hard' [l].Examples: план, логіка, Платон, клон.