Sanni yakuma, sometimes known as Daha ata sanniyas, is a traditional Sinhalese exorcism ritual. The ritual consists of 18 masked dances, each depicting a particular illness or ailment affecting humans. These 18 dances are the main dances of the Pahatharata, country, dancing form, which is one of the three main dancing forms of Sri Lanka. The Last of the Devil Dancers The ritual calls the demons who are thought to affect the patient, who are then told not to trouble humans and banished.
Origins It was believed that illnesses were brought on humans by demons and these beliefs and rituals could have prehistoric roots. According to folklore, the 18 demons who are depicted in the Sanni Yakuma originated during the time of the Buddha.However, this story is given differently in Buddhist sources, and describes the Buddha saving the city from a plague through the chanting of the Ratana Sutta. See Vaishali_(ancient_city)#Visits_of_the_Buddha_to_Vaishali. The story goes that the king of Licchavis of Vaishali suspected his queen of committing adultery and had her killed. However, she gave birth when she was executed and her child became the Kola Sanniya, who grew up "feeding on his mother's corpse". The Kola Sanni demon destroyed the city, seeking vengeance on his father, the king.Schechner and Appel (1990), p. 126 He created eighteen lumps of poison and charmed them, thereby turning them into demons who assisted him in his destruction of the city.Obeyesekere (1990), p. 191 They killed the king, and continued to wreak havoc in the city, "killing and eating thousands" daily, until finally being tamed by the Buddha and agreed to stop harming humans.Obeyesekere (1990), p. 192
Each of these demons are believed to affect humans in the form of an illnesses,Claus, Diamond and Mills (2003), p. 133 and the Sanni Yakuma ritual summons these demons and banishes them back to the demon world after bringing them under control. Although it is unclear when the ritual began, it has been performed in the southern and western parts of the country since ancient times.
Ritual The name of the ritual comes from the Sinhala word sanniya meaning disease or ailment, and yakuma meaning demon ritual. In Sri Lankan culture, exorcism rituals are known as tovil. The Sanni Yakuma is possibly the best known exorcism ritual in the country. It is a mix of traditional beliefs regarding spirits with Buddhism.Schechner and Appel (1990), p. 124Macdonald and Fyfe (1996), p. 38 Before performing the healing ritual, the lead performer known as the yakadura determines whether the patient is affected by a demon, and schedules the ritual for an auspicious day and time, usually from dusk to dawn. The Edura or Yakadura is the Shaman healer and is usually a fisherman, drummer or farmer. It has two main stages, namely the Ata Paliya and Daha Ata Sanniya.Moore and Myerhoff (1977), p. 108 The dancers are dressed in colourful attire and masks, and perform swift and complex dance steps and spins accompanied by rhythmical drum beats.Moore and Myerhoff (1977), p. 102 Rather comic and somewhat obscene dialogues take place between the drummer and the demon on stage, in which the demon is humiliated.Moore and Myerhoff (1977), p. 109 For example, Moore and Myerhoff (1977) describe the following dialogue translated from Sinhala:
Ata Paliya Ata Paliya is the name given to the eight dances in the first stage of the ritual. Before the dances begin, the Yakadura prepares some offerings for the demons, which will be given to them by the patient. The Ata Paliya depicts eight palis who bless the patient. This includes the Suniyan Yakshaniya who appears thrice as a beautiful damsel, a pregnant woman and a woman carrying a baby. This is followed by Maruwa (death) and demons called Kalu Yaka, Vatha Kumara and Kalu Kumara. The other palis are known as Anguru Dummala Paliya, Kalaspaliya and Salupaliya.
Suniyan Yakshaniya A demigoddess, 3 time as;a beautiful damsela pregnant womana woman carrying a baby Maruwa death Kalu Yaka black Demon Vatha Kumara apparition for rheumatism Kalu Kumara Black prince (a demon) Anguru Dummala Paliya charcoal apparition Kalaspaliya pot-bearing apparition Salupaliya Shawl apparitionblessings of goddess Pattini
Daha Ata Sanniya Although the Daha Ata Sanniya is part of the Sanni Yakuma, the name is sometimes used to refer to the ritual itself. This is the stage when the sanni demons make their appearance one after the other. The demons who first appear frightening when they enter the stage in frenzied dances are then shown as comic figures through enactments, with them being humiliated and forced to do various things. The Kola Sanni demon enters last, who is depicted as a non Buddhist demon. In the end, he is made to obtain the permission of the Buddha and accept offerings from humans, and agrees to stop troubling them.Schechner and Appel (1990), p. 125 In the end, the dancer appears before the patient after removing the mask.Claus, Diamond and Mills (2003), p. 134
Although there are only eighteen demons, there is a variety of sanni masks that differ from place to place. However, the eighteen most commons masks (and names of the demons) are as follows:
Demon Associated ailmentUsed Mask Amukku Sanniya Vomiting and stomach diseases Abutha Sanniya Non–spirit related insanity Butha Sanniya Spirit related insanity Bihiri Sanniya Deafness Deva Sanniya Epidemic diseases Gedi Sanniya Boils and skin diseases Gini Jala Sanniya Malaria and other high fevers Golu Sanniya Dumbness Gulma Sanniya Parasitic worms and stomach diseases Jala Sanniya Cholera and chills Kana Sanniya Blindness Kora Sanniya Lameness and paralysis Maru Sanniya Delirium and death Naga Sanniya Bad dreams about snakes Pissu Sanniya Temporary insanity Pith Sanniya Bilious diseases Slesma Sanniya Phlegm and epilepsy Vatha Sanniya Flatulence and rheumatism
Current status The Sanni Yakuma is still performed today, particularly along the south coast, though more often as a cultural spectacle than an exorcism ritual. However, it is not widely performed because of the high costs involved and also because of its long duration.Macdonald and Fyfe (1996), p. 37 The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami also has affected its survival. Though the coastal regions came under colonial influences as well as prior foreign influences, the art was best preserved in the south-west coast.
Notes sinhala
Citations
References
External links Rhythms of Ruhuna The Devil Dancers of Sri Lanka, les stroud beyond survival