The Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (often abbreviated as SNNPR; ) was a regional state in southwestern Ethiopia. It was formed from the merger of five kililoch, called Regions 7 to 11, following the regional council elections on 21 June 1992. Its government was based in Hawassa.

The SNNPR bordered Kenya to the south (including a small part of Lake Turkana), the Ilemi Triangle (a region claimed by Kenya and South Sudan) to the southwest, Oromia region to the north and east. The capital city of the region was Hawassa. The region included major cities and towns like Wolaita Sodo, Arba Minch, Jinka, Dila, Boditi, Areka, Butajira, Welkite, Bonga, Hosaena and Worabe.

The region dissolved when Sidama Region, Southwest Ethiopia Region, South Ethiopia Regional State and Central Ethiopia Regional State emerged independently.

In June 2020, following the formation of the Sidama Region the region's capital Hawassa is located outside of the boundaries of the region. The then regional government planned to move to a city within the region's boundaries after two consecutive national electoral cycles. The largest cities in the region were Sodo with a population of 194,977 and Arba Minch with a population of 151,013.

The dissolution of the region was certain when on 18 August 2023 the South Ethiopia Regional State was created following the 2023 South Ethiopia Region referendum with remainder of the SNNPR becoming the Central Ethiopia Regional State.

Demographics

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the SNNPR regional state had an estimated total population of 17,929,548, of whom 8,425,918 were men and 8,503,630 women. 13,433,991 or 89.98% of the population are estimated to be rural inhabitants, while 1,495,557 or 10.02% are urban; this makes the SNNPR Ethiopia's most rural region. With an estimated area of 105,887.18 square kilometers, this region has an estimated density of 141 people per square kilometer. For the entire region 3,110,995 households were counted, which results in an average for the region of 4.8 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 3.9 and rural households 4.9 people.Central Statistical Agency: The 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Statistical Report for Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region; Part I: Population Size and Characteristics . July 2010. The projected population for 2017 was 19,170,007.

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 10,377,028 of whom 5,161,787 were men and 5,215,241 were women. At the time of the census, the rural population of the Region accounted for 93.2% of the total population. Semien Omo, Wolayita, and Gurage were the three zones with the highest population. The population is concentrated mostly in eastern, northern and central part of the SNNPR while the western and southern part of the region is sparsely populated.

The SNNPR Water Resources Bureau announced that as of the fiscal year ending in 2006, they had increased the area of the region that had access to drinkable water to 54% from 10 to 15% 15 years ago. In August 2008, the head of public relations for the Bureau, Abdulkerim Nesru, announced that 94 million birr had been spent to further increase the availability of drinkable water in the region from 58% in the previous year to 63.6%. Priority was given to certain zones, such as Sidama, Welayta and Gurage, as well as the Alaba special woreda and several resettlement areas.

Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for the SNNPR include the following: 10.7% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 57% and for women 22.4%; and the Regional infant mortality rate is 85 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is greater than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants' first month of life.Macro International Inc. "2008. Ethiopia Atlas of Key Demographic and Health Indicators, 2005." (Calverton: Macro International, 2008) , pp. 2, 3, 10 (accessed 28 January 2009)

Religion Religion 1994 Census 2007 CensusOrthodox Christians 34.6% 41.9%Protestants 21.8% 38.5%Muslim 15.2% 14.1%Roman Catholics 3% 3.2%Traditional religions 26.4% 2.4%Other religious affiliations — 0.5%

Ethnicities

The SNNPR, being an amalgam of the main homelands of numerous ethnicities, contains over 45 indigenous ethnic groups: + Largest ethnicities People 1994 Census 2007 CensusWelayta 20% 20.59%Hadiya - 7.98%Gurage 15% 19.54%Gamo - 14%Kafficho - 6.44%Silt'e - 7.37%Amhara - 4.10%

All ethnicities in region

The ethnicities native to the SNNPR, with percentages of the population as reported in the 2007 national census and organized by linguistic grouping, include:

Languages The 2007 census reported that the predominantly spoken mother tongue languages include Sidama (19.59%), Welayta (34.48%), Hadiya (8%), Gurage (7.13%), Gamo (6.9%), Kafa (5.36%) and Amharic (4.10%). Other languages spoken in the State include Kambaata, Melo, Gofa, Gedeo and Dime; because of the relatively few number of speakers of most of the languages in the region, the working language of the state is Amharic (the most widely spoken language in Ethiopia and formerly the only official language).

The 1994 census reported that the predominantly spoken languages include Sidamo (16%), Gurage (14.72%), Welayta (18.53%), Hadiya (8.53%), Kafa (5.22%), and Kambaata (4.35%). Other languages spoken in the State include Gamo, Melo, Gofa, and Gedeo.

Amharic is still the working language although most pupils get eight years of primary education in their home language and all secondary and further education is in English.Kathleen Heugh: . In: Durk Gorter, Victoria Zenotz, Jasone Cenoz (eds.): Minority Languages and Multilingual Education: Bridging the Local and the Global. Springer 2013, .

Agriculture

The CSA reported that for 2004–2005 100,338 tons of coffee were produced in the SNNPR, based on inspection records from the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea authority. This represents 44.2% of the total production in Ethiopia.

Farmers in the Region had an estimated total 7,938,490 head of cattle (representing 20.5% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 3,270,200 sheep (18.8%), 2,289,970 goats (17.6%), 298,720 horses (19.7%), 63,460 mules (43.1%), 278,440 asses (11.1%), 6,586,140 poultry of all species (21.3%), and 726,960 beehives (16.7%).

Enset is a major indigenous local crop in the SNNPR.

List of chief administrators

Abate Kisho (SEPDM), 1992–2001 Hailemariam Desalegn, 12 November 2001 – March 2006 Shiferaw Shigute (SEPDM), March 2006 – July 2013 Dessie Dalke, July 2013 – 2018 Million Mathiwos, 2018 – 2019 Erstu Yirdaw, 31 August 2019 – 18 August 2023

Administrative zones

The following table shows administrative zones and special woredas (an administrative subdivision which is similar to an autonomous area) is based on information from 2022; the list of second administrative level bodies maintained by the United Nations Geographic Information Working Group dates from 2002. The information in the WHO spreadsheet is built on information received 18 September 2002 from the Ethiopian Ministry of Federal Affairs. + Zones and Special Woredas in SNNPR Number Zone Seat Notes 1 Ale special woreda Kolango Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023 2 Amaro special woreda Kele Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023 3 Basketo special woreda Laska Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023 4 Bench Sheko Mizan Teferi Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State 5 Burji special woreda Soyama Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023 6 Dawro Zone Tarcha Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State 7 Dirashe special woreda Gidole Included in South Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023 8 Gamo Zone Arba Minch Included in South Ethiopia Regional State 9 Gedeo Zone Dilla Included in South Ethiopia Regional State 10 Gofa Zone Sawula Included in South Ethiopia Regional State 11 Gurage Zone Welkite Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State 12 Hadiya Zone Hosaena Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State 13 Halaba Zone Halaba Kulito Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State 14 Keffa Zone Bonga Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State 15 Kembata Tembaro Zone Durame Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State 16 Konso Zone Karati Included in South Ethiopia Regional State 17 Konta special woreda Amaya Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State and got Zonal status in 2021 18 Sheka Zone Tepi Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State 19 Sidama Zone Hawassa Got Regional state status in 2020 20 Silt'e Zone Worabe Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State 21 South Omo Zone Jinka Included in South Ethiopia Regional State 22 West Omo Zone Jemu Included in South West Ethiopia Peoples' Regional State 23 Wolayita Zone Wolaita Sodo Included in South Ethiopia Regional State 24 Yem special woreda Saja Included in Central Ethiopia Regional State and got Zonal status in August 2023 Former zones Keficho Shekicho Zone North Omo Zone

See also List of districts in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region

References

External links

Map of Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region at UN-OCHA (PDF file) Map of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Region at DPPA of Ethiopia (PDF file) Ethiopia's Vanishing Tribes slideshow by Life magazine