This decade witnessed the continuing decline of the Achaemenid Empire, fierce warfare amongst the Greek city-states during the Peloponnesian War, the ongoing Warring States period in Zhou dynasty China, and the closing years of the Olmec civilization (lasting from c. 1200–400 BC) in modern-day Mexico.
Significant people Euphemus of Athens, Archon of Athens. In office 417-416 BC Euripides of Athens, playwright Socrates of Athens, philosopher Sophocles of Athens, playwright Thucydides of Athens, historian and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War Hannibal Mago, King of Carthage, r. 440–406 BC Weilieh, Zhou dynasty king of China, r. 425–402 BC Tharrhypas, King of Epirus, r. 430–390 BC Perdiccas II, King of Macedon, r. 454–413 BC Archelaus I, King of Macedon, r. 413–399 BC Mahapadma Nanda, King (and founder) of the Nanda Dynasty in Magadha (in Ancient India), r. c. 420–362 BC Kosho, legendary Emperor of Japan, r. 475–393 BC Amanineteyerike, King of Kush r. 431–405 BC Darius II, King of the Achaemenid Persian Empire r. 423–404 BC Amyrtaeus of Egypt, Anti-Achaemenid rebel and future Pharaoh of Egypt Joiada of Judah, High-Priest of Israel, held position 433–410 BC Johanan of Judah, High-priest of Israel, held position 410–371 BC Malachi of Judah, prophet (according to Bible) Tissaphernes of Persia, Satrap of Lydia and Caria Abdemon, King of Salamis, r. 420–410 BC Evagoras, King of Salamis, r. 410–374 BC Pleistoanax (Agaid king r. 458–401 BC) and Agis II (Eurypontid king r. 427–400 BC), co-kings of Sparta. Seuthes I, King of Thrace, r. 424–410 BC Amadocus I, King of Thrace, r. 410–390 BC
Contemporaries of future importance Artaxerxes of Persia, Achaemenid prince and future King of Persia Cyrus the Younger of Persia, Achaemenid prince and satrap Plato of Athens, student of Socrates and future philosopher Xenophon of Athens, soldier and future writer of Anabasis
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