Tell el-Burak is an archaeological site located near the southern coast of Lebanon. It served as an agricultural production center between 725 and 350 BCE. The area has been studied by the American University of Beirut and the University of Tübingen since 1998.Kamlah, J. and Sader, H., Excavations on Tell el-Burak (Lebanon). Preliminary Report of the First Three Seasons (2001–2003), Bulletin d'Archéologie et d'Architecture Libanaises, vol. 7, pp. 145-173, 2003 These excavations have revealed three major periods of occupations on the tell: first in the Middle Bronze Age, then during the Iron Age, and lastly during the Ottoman Period.

Excavations The German-Lebanese team of archaeologists had conducted most of the excavations of Tell el-Burak by 2011, and the study and analysis of the site is ongoing.

During the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, UNESCO gave enhanced protection to 34 cultural sites in Lebanon, including Tell el-Burak, in attempt to safeguard them from damage.

The tell stands prominently amidst agricultural lands on a strip of plain fronted by the Mediterranean Sea and backed by a range of hills. The plain, a well-watered zone, is home to a large agricultural area where fruit trees currently predominate. The conical, purpose-built tell towers above the plain approximately 19 meters and is readily visible from both land and sea. From the top of mound, Sidon can be seen to the north and to the south, rising above Ras el-Qantara, the tell of the Late Bronze Age/Phoenician city of Sarepta can be seen.

In 2004, an underwater archaeological survey was conducted in the area of the tell by the archaeologist Ralph K. Pedersen. It indicated that there was no harbour nor good anchorage near the site. Ralph Pedersen, “The Maritime Archaeological Survey at Tell el Burak and Nearby Environs.”, Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture Libanaises (BAAL), vol. 15, pp. 281-290, 2011

Middle Bronze Age During the earliest Middle Bronze Age stage, the mound was built as part of a defensive structure, serving as the base for a fortress on its top. It appears to be the first Middle Bronze Age fortified palace so far discovered in Lebanon. The fortress was built with mudbricks.Hélène Sader, Jens Kamlah (2010), Tell el-Burak: A New Middle Bronze Age Site from Lebanon. Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 73, No. 2/3 (2010), pp. 130-141. The University of Chicago Press

"Kingdom of Sidon" According to archaeologists, Tell el-Burak excavations have helped significantly to clarify the history of the nearby Sidon during the Middle Bronze Age. Previously, there was a gap in this history from the end of the Early Bronze Age until the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, when Sidon is first mentioned in the historical texts. Sidon was the big power centre at that time, that controlled significant territory. So there appears to have been the Kingdom of Sidon that controlled el-Burak, and other areas.Hélène Sader, Jens Kamlah (2010), Tell el-Burak: A New Middle Bronze Age Site from Lebanon. Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 73, No. 2/3 (2010), pp. 130-141. The University of Chicago Press

Oldest wall paintings The biggest room, measuring 7 by 14 meters, contained wall paintings that demonstrated the area's ties to Egypt at the time, as early as 1900 BCE. Egyptian blue, a pigment extremely rare in the natural world yet produced and used in Egypt since the 3rd millennium BCE, was utilized in the paintings. Bertsch, an archaeologist working on the site excavations, stated the paintings may have even been painted directly by Egyptian artists.The oldest known forerunners of fresco paintings in the Mediterranean - At the Tell el-Burak site south of Sidon. 29 Jul 2019 - archaeology.wiki

Dr. Hélène Sader, professor at the American University of Beirut, believes that the site casts considerable light on the early history and development of the ‘’fresco’’ paintings in the entire Mediterranean, including the famous wall paintings of Minoan Crete.

"According to Dr. Sader, the analysis of the painting technique revealed the presence of the oldest forerunner of fresco painting as the preliminary drawings were applied on the still wet plaster and combined with it. “The fresco painting technique may have originated and developed in the Levant long before its use in the later Minoan-Aegean paintings, namely on the island of Crete” she said."Oldest known Middle Bronze Age murals in the Levant revealed by researchers from AUB and University of Tübingen. 8/29/2019 - American University of Beirut (AUB)

Late Bronze Age There is no apparent occupation in the intervening Late Bronze Age, as the site was seemingly abandoned in favor of Sarepta, four kilometers to the south.

Iron Age In the Iron Age, Tell el-Burak was home to a settlement that was prosperous and peaceful, as seen in its defenselessness and fine architecture.

In September 2020, a winepress was discovered at Tell el-Burak, dating back to the seventh-century BCE. Adriano Orsingher1 et al., "Phoenician lime for Phoenician wine: Iron Age plaster from a wine press at Tell el-Burak, Lebanon", Antiquity, vol. 94 (377), pp, 1224–1244, 2020

See also Cities of the ancient Near East

References

External links Web site of excavation at the University of Tuebingen Website of the Project at the American University of Beirut (archived in 2017 - no longer updated)