Lost luggage, known in the air transport industry as mishandled baggage, is luggage conveyed by a public carrier such as an airline, seafaring cruise ship, shipping company, or railway which fails to arrive at the correct destination with the passenger.
Most mishandled baggage is delayed rather than permanently lost. The air transport technology provider SITA, which operates the WorldTracer baggage-tracing system used by more than 500 airlines and ground handlers at around 2,800 airports, reported that about 24 million bags were delayed, misrouted, damaged or lost worldwide in 2025, a rate of 4.9 bags for every 1,000 passengers. Delayed and misrouted bags accounted for more than 75 per cent of cases, damaged bags for 21 per cent and permanently lost bags for about 4 per cent.
Mishandling rates vary widely between world regions and are several times higher on international services than on domestic ones, and the metrics used by industry bodies and by national regulators are not directly comparable. Rates fell by roughly three-quarters between 2007 and 2025, a decline the industry attributes largely to automated baggage tracking. The trend was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic: as air travel resumed in 2022 the global rate rose by 75 per cent in a single year, with airports and airlines in Europe and in Australia among the worst affected. Carrier liability for baggage on international journeys is governed by the Montreal Convention and, on routes between states that have not ratified it, by its predecessor the Warsaw Convention.
Causes
Luggage is more likely to be lost or misdirected if the journey has several legs, as each transfer between different vehicles increases the chance that bags will be mishandled. Industry data bear this out. SITA attributed 39 per cent of all mishandling in 2025 to transfers between flights, and reported that the more numerous and the tighter a journey's connections, the higher the probability of mishandling. For the same reason, international services mishandle bags at far higher rates than domestic ones: in 2025 the global figures were 9.12 mishandled bags per 1,000 passengers on international routes against 1.65 on domestic routes.
Of the mishandling recorded in 2024, SITA attributed 41 per cent to transfer, 17 per cent to tagging, ticketing and security problems, 16 per cent to failure to load bags onto the aircraft, and 10 per cent to operational factors such as airport processes, weather, and aircraft space or weight limits.
There are many other causes of lost luggage. If a passenger arrives late for a flight, there may not be time for their luggage to be loaded onto the plane. If tags are accidentally torn off, the airport may not know where to send the luggage. Human error is also common: tags may be misread or luggage may be sent to the wrong place. Occasionally, a plane may lack sufficient space or have reached its maximum takeoff weight. Security delays can also cause bags to arrive on a later flight than their owner. Luggage is taken through customs after its owner claims it.
Effects and passenger practice In case of lost luggage, travellers are advised to carry all essentials in a carry-on bag, including a change of clothes and anything they would be greatly troubled to lose because of its monetary or emotional value (this excludes security restricted items, that can not be carried inside the passenger cabin). Occasionally luggage is completely lost and cannot be recovered. The airline will then normally compensate the owner. The passenger must then list the contents of their baggage and file a claim.
Bags can also be damaged during travel, but most damage (such as broken wheels and handles) is not covered under the airlines' contract of carriage. Some airlines, however, will still repair such damage as a good faith gesture, or offer a discount voucher for a future flight. In general airlines regard the purpose of luggage to be the protection of its contents during transit. If the luggage is damaged, even severely, but the contents are unharmed, then airlines regard the luggage as having fulfilled its purpose and will not compensate owners.
SITA estimated the cost of mishandling to the airline industry at US$6.3 billion in 2025, or about US$260 for each affected bag. Most of the cost of a delayed bag is operational, while most of the cost of a lost or damaged bag is compensation paid to the passenger.
Recovery When a traveller reports luggage lost to an airport or airline, a case is opened with WorldTracer, a global network for tracing lost luggage operated by SITA and used by more than 500 airlines and ground handlers at approximately 2,800 airports. Of the bags mishandled in 2024, SITA reported that about two-thirds of cases were resolved and closed in WorldTracer within 48 hours.
Since 1 June 2018, IATA Resolution 753 has required member airlines to record custody of every checked bag at four points—acceptance from the passenger, loading onto the aircraft, transfer between carriers, and delivery on arrival—and to exchange that data with interline partners.
From December 2024, SITA integrated Apple's Find My "Share Item Location" feature into WorldTracer, allowing passengers who carry a Bluetooth tracking tag in a checked bag to share its location with the airline. After a year, 29 airlines had adopted the feature; SITA reported that bags whose location had been shared were 90 per cent less likely to be permanently lost and were recovered 26 per cent faster. A comparable integration with Google's Find Hub was announced in March 2026.
Most lost luggage is quickly sent by the airline to the correct destination. Airlines will often reimburse passengers for toiletries, clothing, and other essentials if the arrival airport is away from the passenger's home area. In most cases, when delayed luggage arrives, a courier service will deliver it to the passenger's home or hotel. The airline usually pays for this.
Compensation Compensation for lost luggage on international flights is governed by the Montreal Convention and its predecessor the Warsaw Convention. Under Article 22(2) of the Montreal Convention a carrier's liability for destroyed, lost, damaged or delayed baggage is limited to 1,519 special drawing rights (SDR) per passenger. That limit took effect on 28 December 2024, replacing the previous limit of 1,288 SDR; the Convention's limits are reviewed every five years under Article 24 and adjusted for inflation, and the 2024 revision raised them by about 18 per cent. Under the Warsaw Convention the maximum liability is 17 SDR per kilogram.
A passenger may obtain a higher limit by making a special declaration of interest at check-in and paying any supplementary sum required by the carrier. Article 17(3) of the Montreal Convention allows a passenger to enforce their rights against the carrier if the carrier admits the baggage is lost, or if it has not arrived within 21 days of the date on which it ought to have arrived. Complaints must be made in writing within seven days of receiving damaged checked baggage, and within 21 days of delivery where the baggage was delayed.
Several jurisdictions extend or supplement these rules:
In the European Union, Regulation (EC) No 2027/97 as amended by Regulation (EC) No 889/2002 applies the Montreal Convention liability rules to Community air carriers on all their flights, including purely domestic ones, removing the distinction between national and international carriage. In Canada, the Air Passenger Protection Regulations apply the Montreal Convention limit to domestic flights and require airlines to refund any baggage fee paid when baggage is lost or damaged. In the United States, a separate limit applies to domestic itineraries. It rose from US$3,800 to US$4,700 with effect from 22 January 2025 and is adjusted for inflation every two years.
Statistics Global SITA publishes an annual survey of baggage performance, Baggage IT Insights, which expresses mishandling as the number of bags mishandled per 1,000 departing passengers. On this measure the global rate fell by 59.7 per cent between 2007 and 2021. It then rose by 24 per cent in 2021 and by a further 75 per cent in 2022 as air travel resumed after the COVID-19 pandemic, before falling in each subsequent year to a reported low of 4.9 bags per 1,000 passengers in 2025.
+ Global mishandled baggage rate reported by SITA Year Mishandled bags per1,000 passengers 2019 5.60 2021 4.35 2022 7.60 2023 6.90 2024 6.30 2025 4.90
Sources: SITA Baggage IT Insights, 2022–2026 editions.
About 24 million bags were mishandled in 2025, a fall of 19 per cent on the previous year, among roughly 5 billion passengers carried.
Regional variation Performance differs markedly between world regions and between domestic and international flying, largely because of the number of transfers involved.
+ Mishandled bags per 1,000 passengers by region, 2025 Region All flights Domestic International Africa 12.1 1.8 15.0 Europe 10.5 3.8 12.7 North America 5.6 2.0 11.6 Middle East 5.0 2.7 5.3 Asia-Pacific 3.41 0.8 5.3 World 4.9 1.65 9.12
Source: SITA Baggage IT Insights 2026.
The European rate has fallen substantially since the disruption of 2022, when it reached 15.7 mishandled bags per 1,000 passengers.
National reporting
National aviation regulators publish baggage statistics on differing bases, so figures from different countries, and between national regulators and industry surveys, cannot be compared directly.
The United States Department of Transportation publishes a monthly Air Travel Consumer Report covering the largest US carriers. Its methodology has changed twice: figures for 1990 to 2018 counted passenger reports of mishandled baggage; from 2019 carriers reported the number of enplaned and mishandled bags rather than passenger reports; and since January 2022 the department has expressed the result as a percentage of enplaned bags rather than as a rate per passenger. On the current basis, US carriers mishandled 0.58 per cent of enplaned bags in the first nine months of 2024, compared with 0.62 per cent in the same period of 2023.
Unclaimed baggage Most airlines maintain stores where they sell the contents of lost or abandoned luggage. If a baggage is never recovered, it is usually because it has been mistaken by another passenger as his or her own baggage. Alternatively it could have been stolen either by another passenger or an airport employee (perhaps with an accomplice).
In 2004, a baggage handler at Baltimore-Washington International Airport was arrested for the theft of mail sent by airplane, including credit cards.
The majority of unclaimed baggage in the United States, whether by being lost or misdirected, or simply forgotten by travelers, is handled by the Unclaimed Baggage Center in Scottsboro, Alabama, which has contracts with most major airlines. Eventually, the luggage sent to the centre is resold for a profit.
Surge following the COVID-19 pandemic Airlines, airports and ground handling companies shed large numbers of staff during the COVID-19 pandemic. When demand recovered in 2022 faster than those workforces could be rebuilt, and long-haul connecting traffic resumed, baggage operations in several regions were unable to cope. SITA recorded a global mishandling rate of 7.6 bags per 1,000 passengers in 2022, an increase of 75 per cent on 2021, and attributed the deterioration to the downsizing of airlines, ground handlers and airports and to the return of international and long-haul flights with connections. Europe was the worst affected region, at 15.7 mishandled bags per 1,000 passengers.
Europe