20th-century lyric poetry

In the early years of the 20th century, rhymed lyric poetry, usually expressing the feelings of the poet, was the dominant poetic form in America,Christopher John MacGowan, Twentieth-Century American Poetry, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, p9. Europe and the British colonies. The relevance and acceptability of the lyric in the modern age was, though, called into question by modernism, the growing mechanization of human experience and the harsh realities of war. After the Second World War the form was again championed by the New Criticism, and in the late 20th century lyric became a mainstream poetic form again.

Modernism The dominance of lyric was challenged by American experimental modernists such as Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, H.D. and William Carlos Williams, who rejected the English lyric form of the 19th century, feeling that it relied too heavily on melodious language, rather than complexity of thought.Christopher Beach, The Cambridge Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Poetry, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p49. However, Wallace Stevens and Hart Crane were modernists who also worked within the tradition of post-Romantic lyric poetry. Defenders of lyric poetry in the early 20th century saw it as an ally in the fight against mechanization, standardization and the commodification of human activities.Carrie Noland, Poetry at Stake: Lyric Aesthetics and the Challenge of Technology, Princeton University Press, 1999, p4. The poetry of Guillaume Apollinaire represents an alternative view, that mechanization could extend the repertoire of lyric poetry.

The First World War The tension between the traditional subjects of lyric poetry and the horrors of war are expressed in the war poetry of Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon and Ivor Gurney. Owen's poem Strange Meeting has been described as "a dream of a conversation with a dead lyric poet, or possibly even dead lyric itself."Matthew Campbell in Neil Roberts, A Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry, Blackwell Publishing, 2001, p72. The Irish poet William Butler Yeats's work up to 1917 is predominantly dramatic and lyric love poetry, but after the First World War he explores the political subjects of Irish independence, nationalism and civil war.Peter Childs, The Twentieth Century in Poetry: A Critical Survey, Routledge, 1999, p84.

New Criticism The American New Criticism returned to the lyric in the 1950s, advocating a poetry that made conventional use of rhyme, meter and stanzas, and was modestly personal in the lyric tradition.Stephen Fredman, A Concise Companion To Twentieth-century American Poetry, Blackwell Publishing, 2005, p63. Lyric poets consistent with the New Criticism ethos include Robert Frost and Robert Lowell.Patricia Waugh, Literary Theory And Criticism: An Oxford Guide, Oxford University Press, 2006, p173. In the 1950s long personal epics, such as Allen Ginsberg's "Howl" were a reaction against the well-wrought short lyric of the New Criticism.Christopher John MacGowan, Twentieth-Century American Poetry, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, p290.

Confessional poetry Lyric poetry dealing with relationships, sex and domestic life constituted the new mainstream of American poetry in the late 20th century, influenced by the confessional poets of the 1950s and 1960s, such as Frank O'Hara, John Berryman, Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton.Christopher Beach, The Cambridge Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Poetry, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p155. In India, confessional poetry was introduced by the members of the Bengali Hungry generation poets, especially by Malay Roy Choudhury.

Other notable 20th-century lyric poets UK Dylan Thomas J.R.R. Tolkien Robert Graves Geoffrey Hill Ted Hughes Canada P. K. Page George Bowering France Paul Éluard Max Jacob Paul Valéry Blaise Cendrars Germany Gottfried Benn Bertolt Brecht Paul Celan Stefan George Rainer Maria Rilke Israel / Palestine Yehuda Amichai Mahmoud Darwish Leah Goldberg Italy Eugenio Montale Giuseppe Ungaretti Latvia Zinaida Lazda (pseudonym of Zinaida Sreibere) Lithuania Jonas Aistis Janina Degutytė Sigitas Geda Antanas A. Jonynas Pranciška Regina Liubertaitė Maironis Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas Justinas Marcinkevičius Salomėja Neris Henrikas Radauskas Liūnė Sutema Paulius Širvys Tomas Venclova Poland Czesław Miłosz Zbigniew Herbert Wisława Szymborska Portugal Fernando Pessoa Brasil Manuel Bandeira Mário de Andrade Mário Quintana Russia Alexander Blok Anna Akhmatova Marina Tsvetaeva Osip Mandelstam Vladimir Mayakovsky Boris Pasternak Sergei Yesenin Joseph Brodsky Bella Akhmadulina Andrei Voznesensky Nicaragua Rubén Darío Spain Federico García Lorca Antonio Machado Chile Gabriela Mistral Pablo Neruda Mexico Octavio Paz Turkey Nazim Hikmet Bengal Jibanananda Das Shakti Chattopadhyay

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