Architectural design competition

An architectural competition is a type of design competition, in which an entity that intends to build new work, or is just seeking ideas, invites architects to submit design proposals. The winning proposal is usually chosen by an independent panel of design professionals, stakeholders (such as government and local representatives, the leadership of a cultural institution, etc.) or public opinion. The effect of architectural competitions varies with competition format.

Public engagement Architectural design competitions are often used to generate new ideas for building and/or landscape design, stimulate public engagement, generate publicity for the project and the commissioning entity, and help emerging designers gain exposure (and potentially win commissions that might be out of reach to them otherwise). Architectural competitions are often, though not exclusively, used to award commissions for public buildings: In some countries, government procurement rules for tendering public building contracts stipulate some form of open architectural competition.Jacques Cabanieu: Competitions and Architectural Excellence, in Places 9:2, MIT, 1994, retrieved 2009-09-25

History Architectural competitions have existed for more than 2,500 years. The design of the Acropolis, in Athens, resulted from an architectural competition in 448 B.C., as did several European cathedrals in the Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, many projects initiated by the papacy or other top religious bodies were decided through design competition. Examples are the Spanish Steps in Rome and, famously, the competition for the dome of the Florence Cathedral, won by Filippo Brunelleschi in 1419. Open competitions emerged in the late 18th century in countries including the United States, Great Britain, Ireland, France, and Sweden.130 Years of Finnish architectural competitions, retrieved 2009-09-23

In 19th century England and Ireland, more than 2,500 competitions were held within five decades, with 362 in London alone. The Royal Institute of British Architects drafted its first set of rules in 1839 and its first formal regulations in 1872. German regulations had been introduced in 1867. In the same period, in the Netherlands, an association for the advancement of architecture (Maatschappij tot Bevordering van de Bouwkunst) started organizing conceptual competitions to stimulate creativity among architects.De Jong, Cees and Mattie, Erik: Architectural Competitions 1792-1949, Taschen, 1997,

Competition types Various competition paradigms exist, most prominently the following types or combinations of them:

Open vs, Invited (or Otherwise Limited) Competitions: Open Competitions: international, national, regional, or otherwise defined in scope, they typically have little or no restrictions on who may enter. Invited, Limited, Pre-Qualified, or otherwise Non-Open Competitions restrict who may participate (and, in many cases, also provide stipends or honorariums to participants) Project vs. Ideas Competitions: Project Competitions: seek schemes for specific building and/ or landscape projects that the commissioning entities intend to realize Ideas Competitions: held for the purpose of generating new ideas (in some cases, particularly novel, provocative, or visionary ones) Single- vs. Multi-stage Competitions Single-Stage Competitions: Multi-Stage Competitions (two stages or more), many of which invite only short-listed participants, a limited group of chosen semi-finalists, to continue to the next stage(s), for which they might receive a stipend or honorarium to help cover costs Anonymous vs. Non-Anonymous Competitions: Anonymous Competitions: judged or juried, for greater objectivity, with no knowledge of the names or identities of participating individuals and firms Non-Anonymous (or Cooperative) Competitions: Competing architects and firms are openly identified from the start (competitors might even be invited to present their projects in person to the jury to explain design strategies and provide for project-specific dialogue) Recurrent vs. One-Time Competitions: Seasonal or Annual Competitions: These recurrent competitions, including Europan, put out periodical calls for entries. They may, or may not, result in an actual constructed project, depending on the set-up. One-Time Competitions, held for a specific project Student Design Competitions

Rules and guidelines The rules of each competition are defined by the organizer; they often, however, follow the guidelines provided by the International Union of ArchitectsUIA competition guide , retrieved 2009-10-10 or the relevant national or regional architectural organization. Competition guidelines define roles, responsibilities, processes, and procedures within a competitionCanadian competition rules , retrieved 2009-10-10 and provide guidance on possible competition types, eligibility criteria, jury composition, participation conditions, payments, prizes, publication of results, and other aspects.Finnish competition rules , retrieved 2009-10-10Indian competition guidelines , retrieved 2009-10-10

In France and Germany, design competitions are compulsory for all public buildings exceeding a certain cost.German competition guidelines , retrieved 2015-09-24

Winning first prize in a competition does not guarantee that the project will be realized. The commissioning body often has the right to veto the winning design, and both requirements and finances may change, thwarting the original intention. (Many competitions have been held and won before the financing was even in place.) The 2002 World Trade Center site design competition is an example of a highly publicized competition, in which only the basic elements of the winning design by Daniel Libeskind appeared in the finished project.

Major international architectural design competitions

Most significant among architectural competitions are the ones which are internationally open, attract a large number of design submissions, and the winning design is built.

Competition Name Location Year Winner(s) Design entriesGrand Egyptian Museum Giza 2002 Heneghan Peng Architects 1,557 White House Washington D.C. 1792 James Hoban 9 Walhalla memorial Donaustauf 1816 Leo von Klenze Houses of Parliament London 1835 Charles Barry 98 Vienna Ring Road Vienna 1858 Ludwig Förster - Friedrich August von Stache - Eduard van der Nüll and August Sicard von Sicardsburg 85 Hofoper Vienna 1860 Eduard van der Nüll and August Sicard von Sicardsburg Paris Opera Paris 1860 Charles Garnier 171 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 1863 P.J.H. Cuypers Law Courts London 1866 George Edmund Street 11 Reichstag Berlin 1872 Paul Wallot Beurs Amsterdam 1884 Hendrik Petrus Berlage World Exhibition tower Paris 1889 Gustave Eiffel Austrian Postal Savings Bank Vienna 1903 Otto Wagner Stockholm City Hall Stockholm 1903 Ragnar Östberg Helsinki Central railway station Helsinki 1903 Eliel Saarinen 21 Peace Palace The Hague 1905 Louis Marie Cordonnier and J.A.G. van der Steur Tribune Tower Chicago 1922 John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood 260 League of Nations Building Geneva 1926 Henri Paul Nénot & Julien Flegenheimer; Carlo Broggi; Camille Lefèvre; Giuseppe Vago 377 Lenin Library Moscow 1928 Vladimir Shchuko ANZAC War Memorial Sydney 1929 Charles Bruce Dellit 117 Termini Station Rome 1947 Leo Calini, Eugenio Montuori, Massimo Castellazzi, Vasco Fadigati, Achille Pintonello and Annibale Vitellozzi Town Hall and Church Seinäjoki 1950 Alvar Aalto Sydney Opera House Sydney 1955 Jørn Utzon 233 Toronto City Hall Toronto 1956 Viljo Revell 500 Amsterdam City Hall Amsterdam 1967 Wilhelm Holzbauer, Cees Dam, B. Bijvoet and G.H.M. Holt 804 Supreme Court Tokyo 1968 Shin-ichi Okada 217 Centre Georges Pompidou Paris 1971 Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers 681 San Cataldo Cemetery Modena 1971 Aldo Rossi and Gianni Braghieri Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Hong Kong 1979 Foster Associates Parliament House of Australia Canberra 1979 Romaldo Giurgola 329 Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie Paris 1980 Adrien Fainsilber and Sylvain Mercier La Grande Arche de la Défense Paris 1982 Johan Otto von Spreckelsen 420 Parc de la Villette Paris 1982 Bernard Tschumi 471 Opéra Bastille Paris 1983 Carlos Ott 750 Carré d'Art Nîmes 1984 Norman Foster 12 Shonandai Cultural Centre Fujisawa 1985 Itsuko Hasegawa 215 New National Theatre Tokyo 1984 Takahiko Yanagisawa and Tak Associates 228 Tokyo International Forum Tokyo 1987 Rafael Viñoly 395 Kansai Airport Osaka 1988 Renzo Piano Building Workshop 48 Jewish Museum Berlin 1989 Daniel Libeskind 165 Bibliotheca Alexandrina Alexandria 1989 Snøhetta 523 Bibliothèque Nationale de France Paris 1989 Dominique Perrault 244 Centre for Japanese Culture Paris 1989–1990 Masayuki Yamanaka, Kenneth Armstrong & Jennifer Smith 453 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Bilbao 1991 Frank Gehry Kiasma Contemporary Art Museum Helsinki 1992 Steven Holl 516 Austrian Cultural Forum New York 1992 Raimund Abraham 226 Royal Danish Library Copenhagen 1993 Schmidt Hammer Lassen 179 Osanbashi Yokohama International Passenger Terminal Yokohama 1995 Foreign Office Architects 660 Felix Nussbaum Museum Osnabrück 1995 Daniel Libeskind 296 Millennium Bridge London 1996 Norman Foster, Sir Anthony Caro, and Ove Arup 200 Federation Square Melbourne 1997 Lab Architecture Studio 177 GeoCenter Møns Klint Møn Island 2002 PLH Architects 292 Philharmonie de Paris Paris 2011 Jean Nouvel 98

Architectural design competition

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