The Germanisation of the Province of Posen was a policy of the Kulturkampf measures enacted by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, whose goal was to Germanize Polish-speaking areas in the Prussian Province of Posen by eradicating and discrimination of Polish language and culture, as well as to reduce the influence of the "ultramontanist" Roman Catholic clergy in those regions.
Background Since the Third Partition of Poland in 1795 the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had ceased to exist as a state with its territory annexed by the surrounding great powers Austria, Prussia (which in turn became part of the German Empire in 1871) and Russia. Within the Prussian share were large parts of the historic Greater Poland region around Poznań (Posen), cradle of the first Polish state, which since 1848 were incorporated into the province of Posen.
Colonization and discrimination in Polish territories by Prussia until 1806
In the course of the Ostsiedlung in the medieval period, Germans had settled in the region, especially in the western parts. Beginning in the 18th century there were several attempts at German colonisation, the first by the Prussian ruler Frederick the Great, who settled around 300,000 colonists in the Eastern provinces of Prussia, and simultaneously aimed to reduce Polish ownership of land. Poles were portrayed as 'backward Slavs' by Prussian officials who wanted to spread German language and culture. The land of Polish nobility was confiscated and given to German nobles.
In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, Polish leaders, with Napoleon's encouragement, successfully started an uprising against Prussian rule, contributing to the French victory over Prussia; in the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit, the Posen region was part of the territory ceded by Prussia and incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon and ruled by his ally Frederick August I of Saxony in a personal union.Hagen, William W. (1980). Germans, Poles, and Jews: The Nationality Conflict in the Prussian East, 1772-1914. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 67-68.
Colonization and discrimination by Prussia until 1848
By 1815 Germans made up a predominantly Protestant minority of about one third of the total population of the Posen region, while the majority of the inhabitants identified as Catholic ethnic Poles. In 1815, under agreements reached at the Congress of Vienna, following the defeat of Napoleon, the region returned to Prussian control as the Grand Duchy of Posen. Under the agreements, the Polish-speaking population was supposed to enjoy a certain amount of autonomy; the grand duchy was put under the administration of stadtholder Antoni Radziwiłł,Hagen (1980), p. 78-79. who sought to act as a mediator between the central Prussian government and the Polish gentry.Hagen (1980), p. 79, 83. However, the international obligations undertaken by Prussia at the Congress were immediately violated. Intensive Germanization and restriction of rights of Polish population was implemented by Prussian officials who rejected any notions of autonomy. In 1819 the gradual elimination of Polish language in schools began, with German being introduced in its place. In 1825 August Jacob, a politician hostile to Poles, gained power over newly created Provincial Educational Collegium in Poznan.Jerzy Zdrada - Historia Polski 1795-1918 Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2007
Across the Polish territories Polish teachers were being removed from work, German educational programs were being introduced, and primary schooling was being replaced by German one that aimed at creation of loyal Prussian citizens. Already in 1816 the Polish gymnasium in Bydgoszcz was turned into a German school and Polish language removed from classes. In 1825 the Teacher's Seminary in Bydgoszcz was Germanized as well.
While in 1824 a Provincial Parliament was invoked in Greater Poland, the representation was based on wealth census, meaning that the end result gave most of the power to German minority in the area. Even when Poles managed to issue calls asking for enforcing of the guarantees formulated in treaties of Congress of Vienna and proclamations of Prussian King in 1815 they were rejected by Prussia. Thus neither the attempt to create Polish University in Poznań or Polish Society of Friends of Agriculture, Industry and Education were accepted by authorities. Nevertheless, Poles continued to ask for Polish representation in administration of the area, representing the separate character of the Duchy, keeping the Polish character of schools. From 1825 the increase of anti-Polish policies became more visible and intense. Prussian political circles demanded end to tolerance of Polishness. Among the Poles two groups emerged, one still hoping for respect of separate status of the Duchy and insisting on working with Prussian authorities hoping that in time they would grant some freedoms. The other faction still hoped for independence of Poland. As consequence many Polish activists were imprisoned. By 1830 November Uprising in neighboring Russian Congress Poland. Radziwiłł, whose brother Michał Gedeon had taken a leading part in the revolt, was dismissed by King Frederick William III and the actual power passed to Oberpräsident Eduard Heinrich von Flottwell, who enacted the first measures enforcing the use of the German language in schools and government agencies to limit the influence of the Polish clergy and nobility (szlachta).
Flotwell, a self-declared enemy of Poles openly called for Germanization and superiority of German culture over Polish people. Supported by Karl Grolman, a Prussian general, a program was presented that envisioned removing Poles from all offices, courts, judiciary system, and local administration, controlling the clergy, and making peasants loyal through enforced military service. Schools were to be Germanized as well. Those plans were supported by such prominent public figures such as Clauswitz, Gneisenau, Theodor von Schon, and Wilhelm von Humbold. By 1830 the right to use Polish in courts and institutions was no longer respected.
Another colonization attempt aiming at Germanization was pursued by Prussia after 1832. While Poles constituted 73% of population in 1815, they were reduced to 60% by 1848; at the same time the German presence grew from 25% to 30%.
Suppression of Polish attempts of independence by Prussia after 1848 On the eve of the 1848 revolutions, the Polish struggles for autonomy were used by some support German liberals to counter possible intervention of Russia in German affairs; their target became the insurgents of the failed Greater Poland Uprising of 1846, above all Karol Libelt and Ludwik Mierosławski who had to face a public trial at the Kammergericht, who were praised and treated with gestures of sympathy including by King Frederick William IV. However, as soon as Poles in territories ruled by Prussia tried to regain autonomy and independence in the second Greater Poland Uprising of 1848: against Polish objections, German deputies from Posen attended the meetings of the Frankfurt Parliament and voted for the affiliation of the territory with the German Confederation. The Polish attempt to regain freedom was brutally crushed by Prussian army and in aftermath those taking part were imprisoned or even tortured. The Poles in Posen saw themselves finally incorporated into Germany with the formation of the North German Confederation in 1867, enlarged to the German Empire in 1871.
A chief supporter of Germanization was Otto von Bismarck, who in 1861 already wrote that he believed Poles to be like animals that need to be shot and exterminated (by physical genocide),Bismarck Katharine Anne Lerman Bismarck's hostility to the Poles was unequivocal (...)Malwine, that for all his sympathy with the situation of the Poles, 'we can do nothing other than exterminate themNational Identity and Foreign Policy: Nationalism and Leadership in Poland, Russia and Ukraine Ilya Prizel Cambridge University Press Bismarck's statement that the only solution to the Polish question was the extermination of the PolesThe Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe Since 1850 Leo Lucassen University of Illinois Press, 2005 The depth of his hatred for the Poles is illustrated by a letter Bismarck wrote in 1861 to his sister: "Hit the Poles, so that they break down. If we want to exist, we have to exterminate them page 60Industrialization and Immigration: Labor at the River's Stephen R. Miceli page 48 Bismarck's cruel policy of extermination directed against the Poles and while he did not go as far as biological extermination of Poles after finding himself in position of power, he engaged in what Alexander Bramson in 1947 called "cultural genocide against Polish nation".The Genocide Convention: The Travaux Préparatoires (The Travaux Preparatoires of Multilateral Treaties) − by Hirad Abtahi, Phillipa Webb page 165 He would later engage in policies that were precursors of 20th century ethnic cleansing and genocide.Imperial Germany 1850-1918 Edgar Feuchtwanger page 92Bismarck: A Political History Edgar Feuchtwanger 2014 It was an early example of ethnic cleansing and what makes it in retrospect look even worse was that Bismarck exploited it ruthlessly and deliberately to stir up national feelingSeparatism: Democracy and Disintegration Metta Spencer - 1998 Bismarck's "culture war" was also used to get Poles, many of whom were Jewish, to move out of Germany and into the Russian and Austrian parts of the former Polish kingdom. Among the supporters of this pioneering effort in ethnic cleansing Edward Crankshaw writes that already at that time Bismarcks hostility to Poles bordered on "insanity" and was firmly entrenched in traditions of Prussian mentality and history, while he did not write or talked about it much it pre-occupied his mind vastly, there was little need for discussions in Prussian circles, as most of them including the king agreed with his views on PolesBismarck Edward Crankshaw pages 1685-1686 Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011
In another letter from 1861 Bismarck stated: Every success of the Polish national movement is Prussia's failure; we can wage war on this element not based on the rules of civil justice but according to the laws of war. Polishness with all its characteristics should be judged not from the perspective of an objective humanism but as an enemy...There is no possibility of peace between us nor any attempts to resurrect PolandLiterary and Cultural Images of a Nation Without a State: The Case of Nineteenth-century Poland Agnieszka Barbara Nance Peter Lang, 2008, page 32"
Jerzy Zdrada describes how before 1848 a Prussian program was presented that envisioned removing Poles from all offices, courts, judiciary system, and local administration, controlling the clergy, and making peasants loyal through enforced military service. Schools were to be Germanized as well Jerzy Zdrada - Historia Polski 1795-1918 Warsaw Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2007; pages 268, 273-291, 359-370 Those plans were supported by such prominent public figures such as Clauswitz, Gneisenau, Theodor von Schon, and Wilhelm von Humbold. At the same time the Prussian government and Prussian King pursued Germanization of administration and judicial system, while local officials enforced Germanization of educational system and tried to eradicate the economic position of Polish nobilityAndrzej Chwalba - Historia Polski 1795-1918 Wydawnictwo Literackie 2000 Kraków pages 175-184, 307-312 In Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) the mayors were all Germans. In Posen, out of 700 officials, only 30 were Poles. Flotwell also initiated programs of German colonization and tried to reduce Polish landownership in favor of Germans. In the time period of 1832-1842 the number of Polish holdings was reduced from 1020 to 950 and the German ones increased from 280 to 400.