List of heads of state of Lithuania

The article is a list of heads of state of Lithuania over historical Lithuanian state. The timeline includes all heads of state of Lithuania as a sovereign entity, legitimately part of a greater sovereign entity, a client state, or a constituent republic subject to an outside authority. Currently, the head of state is the President of Lithuania.

During the inaugurations of Lithuanian monarchs until 1569, the Gediminas's Cap was placed on the monarch's heads by the Bishop of Vilnius in Vilnius Cathedral.

Kingdom of Lithuania (1251–1263) Title: King of Lithuania (). Dates are approximate because of scant written sources.

House of Mindaugas (1251–1263)

|Grand Duke/King 1236–17 July 1251 as Grand Duke 17 July 1251–12 September 1263(crowned 1253)as King|| || Son of mythological Ringaudas || NN 2 children Morta 2 or 4 children NN (sister of Morta)|| 1263 Aglona Assassinated by Treniota and Daumantas Aged about 60

Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1263–1569)

Title: Grand Duke (; ; ). Dates are approximate because of scant written sources.

House of Mindaugas (1263–1267)

|Grand Duke 1263–1264|| || Unknown Son of NN, Mindaugas' sister and Vykintas || Unknown 1 child || 1264 Murdered by servants loyal to Mindaugas' son Vaišvilkas |- |Grand Duke 1264–1267|| || Unknown Son of Mindaugasand Morta || Unmarried and childless|| 1268 Was murdered by Leo I of Galicia

House of Monomakh (1267–1269)

|Grand Duke 1267–1269|| || Halych Son of Daniel of Galicia || NN, daughter of Mindaugas || Kholm Aged about 39

House of Mindaugas (1269–1285)

|Grand Duke 1270–1282|||| 1220 || Ona of Masovia 1 child|| 1282 Kernavė Aged 62 |- |Grand Duke 1282–1285|| || Unknown ||Unknown || 3 March 1285 Died in a battle by Tver

House of Gediminas (1285–1440)

|Grand Duke 1285–1291|| || None known || Unknown Son of Skalmantas (?) || Unknown ||1291 |- |Grand Duke 1291–1295|| || None known || Unknown Son of Skalmantas (?) || Unknown || |- |Grand Duke 1295–1316|||| None known || 1260 Son of Butvydas || Vikinda 1 child|| 1316 Aged 56

|Grand Duke 1316–1341|||| None known || Son of Butvydas || Jaunė 13 children || Raudonė Aged about 66 |- |Grand Duke 1341–1345|||| None known || Son of Gediminasand Jaunė|| Unknown 3 children || Aged 57−60 |- |Grand Duke 1345–1377 |||| || Son of Gediminasand Jaunė|| Maria of Vitebsk 6 children Uliana of Tver 8 children|| Maišiagala Aged about 81 |- |Grand Duke May 1377–August 1381|||| || Vilnius Son of Algirdasand Uliana of Tver || Jadwiga of Poland 1 child Anna of Cilli 1 child Elizabeth Granowska Sophia of Halshany 3 children || 1 June 1434 Gródek Jagielloński Aged 72−82 |- |Grand Duke probably1345–1382attested:1349–1351(as co-ruler with Algirdas),1381–1382 || || || Senieji Trakai Son of Gediminasand Jaunė|| Birutė 9 children|| 1382 Kreva Died in captivitypossibly murdered on Jogaila's order Aged 84–85 |- |Grand Duke 3 August 1382–1 June 1434 ()|||| || Vilnius Son of Algirdasand Uliana of Tver || Jadwiga of Poland 1 child Anna of Cilli 1 child Elizabeth Granowska Sophia of Halshany 3 children || 1 June 1434 Gródek Jagielloński Aged 72−82

! colspan="6" |Act of Kreva signed in 1385Poland and Lithuania de jure are ruled by one monarch but remain to be separate states. |- |King of Poland and Grand Duke 3 August 1382–1 June 1434 ()|||| || Vilnius Son of Algirdasand Uliana of Tver || Jadwiga of Poland 1 child Anna of Cilli 1 child Elizabeth Granowska Sophia of Halshany 3 children || 1 June 1434 Gródek Jagielloński Aged 72−82

|Duke 1386–1392(regent)|||| || Vilnius Son of Algirdasand Uliana of Tver || Unknown 1 child || 11 January 1397 Kyiv Possibly poisoned by the order of the Russian Orthodox priests Aged 43−44

! colspan="6" |Astrava Agreement signed in 1392 and Pact of Vilnius and Radom in 1401Following the Lithuanian Civil War, Skirgaila is replaced by Vytautas. The latter de jure acts as regent for the King of Poland until 1401, when he is formally recognized as the Grand Duke. His successors rule as Grand Dukes alongside Polish monarchs until 1440. |- |Grand DukeKing-elect of LithuaniaVytautas the Great4 August 1392–1401(regent)1401–27 October 1430(Grand Duke)(in total:)|||| || Senieji Trakai Son of Kęstutisand Birutė || Anna 1 child Uliana Olshanska || 27 October 1430 Trakai Aged about 80 |- |Grand Duke October 1430–1 August 1432|||| || Before 1370 Vilnius Son of Algirdasand Uliana of Tver || Anna of Tver 1 child || 10 February 1452 Lutsk Aged about 82 |- |Grand Duke 1432–1440 |||| || 1365 Trakai Son of Kęstutisand Birutė|| Unknown 1 child|| 20 March 1440 Trakai Murdered by supporters of Švitrigaila Aged 75

House of Jagiellon (1440–1569)

The act of personal union with Poland was signed as early as 1385; however, the continuous line of common rulers of the two countries started only with Casimir IV (even then, Polish and Lithuanians twice selected different rulers following the death of an earlier common monarch, but the Lithuanian one always eventually assumed the Polish throne). The monarchs retained separate titles for both parts of the state, and their numbering was kept separate. The Jagiellon dynasty was a direct continuation of the Gediminids. |King of Poland and Grand Duke 1 June 1434–10 November 1444 ()||-|| || 31 October 1424 Kraków Son of Jogaila Algirdaitisand Sophia of Halshany || Unmarried and childless || 10 November 1444 Varna Aged 20 (presumed) |- 1263 – 1265|||||| || |King of Poland and Grand Duke 29 June 1440–7 June 1492 ()|||| || 30 November 1427 Kraków Son of Jogaila Algirdaitisand Sophia of Halshany || Elisabeth of Austria 13 children || 7 June 1492 Old Grodno Castle Aged 64 |- 1263 – 1265|||||| || |King of Poland and Grand Duke (disputed) Summer 1492–17 June 1501 (~ 7 years, 10 months)|||| || 27 December 1459 Kraków Son of Kazimieras Jogailaitis and Elisabeth of Austria || Unmarried and childless || 17 June 1501 Toruń Aged 41 |- 1263 – 1265|||||| || |King of Poland and Grand Duke 30 July 1492–19 August 1506 ()|||| || 5 August 1461 Kraków Son of Kazimieras Jogailaitis and Elisabeth of Austria || Helena of Moscow || 19 August 1506 Vilnius Aged 45 |- 1263 – 1265|||||| || |King of Poland and Grand Duke 20 October 1506–1 April 1548 ()|||| || 1 January 1467 Kozienice Son of Kazimieras Jogailaitis and Elisabeth of Austria || Barbara Zápolya 2 children Bona Sforza 6 children|| 1 April 1548 Kraków Aged 81 |- 1263 – 1265|||||| || |King of Poland and Grand Duke 18 October 1529–7 July 1572 () |||| || 1 August 1520 Kraków Son of Žygimantas the Oldand Bona Sforza || Elisabeth of Austria Barbara Radziwiłł Catherine of Austria || 7 July 1572 Knyszyn Aged 51 |- ! colspan="6" |Union of Lublin signed in 1569Poland and Lithuania are united into a single Commonwealth. |- 1263 – 1265|||||| ||

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established by the Union of Lublin in 1569. The elected King of Poland was automatically a Grand Duke of Lithuania (until then the Lithuanian dukedom was hereditary). The first common ruler of both countries was Sigismund II Augustus.

During the Deluge of the Second Northern War, Lithuania signed the Union of Kėdainiai with the Swedish Empire in 1655, thus de jure ending its union with Poland. However, due to Sweden's losses, the agreement soon fell out of favor and was not properly enforced, leading to the further continuation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Following the partitions in 1772, 1793, and 1795, the commonwealth ceased to exist and Lithuania proper became part of the Russian Empire for 123 years. There are some gaps in the timeline as it took a while to elect a new king. The first Grand Duke elected after the Gediminid line became extinct and after the Valois fled back to France was Stephen Báthory, who had made an effort to be recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania by establishing Vilnius University.

Title: King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania

|King of Poland and Grand Duke Sigismund Augustus1 July 15697 July 1572()

| 1 August 1520KrakówSon of Žygimantas the Oldand Bona Sforza | Elisabeth of Austria Barbara Radziwiłł Catherine of Austria | 7 July 1572KnyszynAged 51 | Hereditary First monarch to introduce elective monarchy | Jagiellon

|King of Poland and Grand Duke Henry16 May 157312 May 1575()

| 19 September 1551FontainebleauSon of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici | Louise of Lorraine | 2 August 1589Saint-CloudAged 37 | ElectedLeft Poland in June 1574 to succeed his brother in FranceInterregnum until 1575 | Valois

|Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess Anna15 December 157519 August 1587 (de facto) () 9 September 1596 (de jure) ()

| 18 October 1523KrakówDaughter of Sigismund I and Bona Sforza | Stephen Báthory | 9 September 1596WarsawAged 72 | Elected co-monarch with Stephen BáthorySole ruler until Báthory's arrival and coronation in May 1576Ruled after husband's death until her nephew was elected | Jagiellon

|King of Poland and Grand Duke Stephen Báthory1 May 157612 December 1586()

| 27 September 1533Szilágysomlyó (Șimleu Silvaniei)Son of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó and Catherine Telegdi | Anna Jagiellon | 12 December 1586GrodnoAged 53 | Elected as co-monarch with Anna JagiellonPreviously Prince of Transylvania | Báthory

|King of Poland and Grand Duke Sigismund Vasa19 August 158730 April 1632()

| 20 June 1566GripsholmSon of John III of Sweden and Catherine Jagiellon | Anne of Austria 5 children Constance of Austria 7 children | 30 April 1632WarsawAged 65 | Elected, nephew of Anna JagiellonTransferred capital from Kraków to WarsawHereditary King of Sweden until deposition in 1599 | Vasa

|King of Poland and Grand Duke Władysławalso Ladislaus8 November 163220 May 1648()

| 9 June 1595ŁobzówSon of Sigismund Vasa and Anne of Austria | Cecilia Renata of Austria 3 children Marie Louise Gonzaga | 20 May 1648MerkinėAged 52 | Elective successionAlso titular King of Sweden and elected Tsar of Russia (1610–1613) when the Polish army captured Moscow | Vasa

|King of Poland and Grand Duke John Casimir20 November 164816 September 1668()

| 22 March 1609KrakówSon of Sigismund vasa and Constance of Austria | Marie Louise Gonzaga 2 children Claudine Françoise Mignot (allegedly) 1 child? | 16 December 1672NeversAged 63 | Elective succession, succeeded half-brotherPreviously a cardinalDisputed with Charles X Gustav between 1655–1657Titular King of SwedenAbdicated | Vasa

|King of Poland and Grand Duke Michael19 June 166910 November 1673()

| 31 May 1640Biały KamieńSon of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki and Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska | Eleonora Maria of Austria 1 child | 10 November 1673LwówAged 33 | ElectedBorn into nobility of mixed heritage, the son of a military commander and governor | Wiśniowiecki

|King of Poland and Grand Duke John III Sobieski19 May 167417 June 1696()

|King of Poland and Grand Duke Augustus II15 September 16971706(1st reign, 9 years)

| 12 May 1670DresdenSon of John George III and Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark | Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth 1 child | 1 February 1733WarsawAged 62 | ElectedPreviously Elector and ruler of SaxonyDethroned by Stanislaus I in 1706 during the Great Northern War | Wettin

|King of Poland and Grand Duke Stanislaus I12 July 17048 July 1709(1st reign, )

| 20 October 1677LwówSon of Rafał Leszczyński and Anna Jabłonowska | Catherine Opalińska 2 children | 23 February 1766LunévilleAged 88 | UsurpedNominated as ruler in 1704, crowned in 1705 and deposed predecessor in 1706Exiled in 1709 | Leszczyński

|King of Poland and Grand Duke Augustus II8 July 17091 February 1733(2nd reign, )

List of heads of state of Lithuania

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