In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup M30 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin Haplogroup M30 (coding region: 195A-514dCA-12007-15431) is a South-AsianYonsei University, Korea. The mtDNA Haplogroup Specific Control Region Mutation Motifs or an India-specific maternal lineage of the macrohaplogroup M identified by the mutations T195A, G15431A and G12007A.
Haplogroup M30 used to be a part of M4 haplogroup distinguished by G15431A.Ian Logan, 2008 Haplogroup M30 shares a common coding region mutation (12007) together with the M4, M18, M37 and M38 haplogroups from the root of haplogroup M (superhaplogroup M4'30). M4′30 super-clade is the only clade that shares an intermediate lineage between 2 haplogroups, while the rest of all M lineages have originated independently from the root of macrohaplogroup M; thus supporting the idea of rapid dispersal of modern humans along the Asian coast after they left Africa, followed by a long period of isolation.
Haplogroup M30 was identified in 2005 based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 24 Indian samples. It was designated as a new lineage with sub-haplogroups M30a, M30b, M30c, M30d based on observed mutations sites. The mutations characterizing this lineage were observed in five samples from eastern part of India, that is Bihar (Kurmi, Yadav and Baniya), West Bengal (Mahishya), Orissa (Saora) and two samples from south India (Christians of Karnataka and Lambadi of Andhra Pradesh). Previously identified Haplogroup M18 was collapsed to reside in M30 as a sub-lineage.
In 2006, the definition of M30 was narrowed down by identifying it with the mutations T195A, 15431A and G12007A. The study detailed an individual from the Reddy population of Andhra Pradesh categorized into M30a; a sample of Thogataveera from Andhra Pradesh classified into M30b; the presence of M30c in Thogataveera of Andhra Pradesh and Chaturvedi of Uttar Pradesh, and finally, the identification of M30d in Bhargava of Uttar Pradesh and Thogataveera of Andhra Pradesh. In 2009, Subhaplogroup M30e was identified among Kathodi, Kathakur and Mathakur in Western region of India.
In 2006, Sahoo and Kashyap reported haplogroup M30 in Oriya Brahmins, Karanams, Khandayats, Gope (aka Gour or Yadavs); and in tribes of Juang and Saora of Orissa. The Saora exhibited a high frequency of M30 (of about 32% of the sample size) followed by Karanams (24%), Oriya Brahmins (20%) and Juang (20%). Khandayat and Gope showed a lower frequency (about 6%) of M30. M30 was also detected at low frequencies (1.5%–2.5%) in Pardhan, Naikpod Gond and Andh tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh.
The age of M30 lineage was estimated at 33,042 ± 7,840 Years Before Present. However, Thangarajah, et al. (2006) dated it to 15,400 ± 6300 YBP. Rajkumar, et al. put forward the estimated coalescence time of haplogroup M30 to be 15,400 ± 6300 ybp, and that of its sub-haplogroups M30a and M30c to be 5100 ± 3600 ybp. The ages of M30b and M30d were computed to be 4177 ± 2800 years and 12,800 ± 5700 ybp respectively. This period corresponds with the late-Mesolithic in India and the Levant.
Distribution
South Asia
M30 is found in a wide variety of ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups in both North and South India. Some of these groups include the Gujarati people, Kannada people, Parsis, and Bene Israel. Jayasekara et al. found many carriers of M30 among the people of Sri Lanka. A number of carriers have been found in Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh as well.
HaplogroupGenBank IDCountry/RegionPopulationSourceM30DQ246813India—Rajkumar 2005M30DQ246815India—Rajkumar 2005M30DQ246816India—Rajkumar 2005M30DQ246827India—Rajkumar 2005M30FJ383657Karnataka, India—Kumar 2009M30FJ383658Gujarat, India—Kumar 2009M30FJ383659Gujarat, India—Kumar 2009M30FJ383667Maharashtra, India—Kumar 2009M30FJ383673Madhya Pradesh, India—Kumar 2009M30FJ383675Madhya Pradesh, India—Kumar 2009M30HM156694India—Govindaraj 2011M30JX462681India—Khan 2013M30JX462684India—Khan 2013M30KX467298Jammu and Kashmir, India—Sharma 2017M30KX467299Jammu and Kashmir, India—Sharma 2017M30KX467300Jammu and Kashmir, India—Sharma 2017M30MH830089Chetlat Island, India—Gajbhiye 2019M30MH830090Chetlat Island, India—Gajbhiye 2019M30MH830091Chetlat Island, India—Gajbhiye 2019M30MH830092Chetlat Island, India—Gajbhiye 2019M30MH830093Chetlat Island, India—Gajbhiye 2019M30MH830094Chetlat Island, India—Gajbhiye 2019M30MH830095Chetlat Island, India—Gajbhiye 2019M30MH830096Chetlat Island, India—Gajbhiye 2019M30MH830097Chetlat Island, India—Gajbhiye 2019M30MN595703Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30MN595772Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30MN595825Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30MN595857Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30OM489686Sri Lanka—Jayasekera 2022M30OM489688Sri Lanka—Jayasekera 2022M30OM489690Sri Lanka—Jayasekera 2022M30OM489701Sri Lanka—Jayasekera 2022M30OM489714Sri Lanka—Jayasekera 2022M30PQ137269Pakistan—Bukhari 2025M30PQ137315Pakistan—Bukhari 2025M30-C16234TAY922258India—Sun 2006M30-C16234TEU597504PakistanSindhisHartmann 2008M30-C16234TJX462683India—Khan 2013M30-C16234TKF450921PakistanSindhisLippold 2014M30-C16234TKX467294Jammu and Kashmir, India—Sharma 2017M30-C16234TKX467295Jammu and Kashmir, India—Sharma 2017M30-C16234TKX467297Jammu and Kashmir, India—Sharma 2017M30-C16234TMT506289IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TMT506290IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TMT506291IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TMT506292IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TMT506293IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TMT506294IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TMT506295IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TMT506296IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TMT506297IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TMT506298IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30-C16234TPQ137364Pakistan—Bukhari 2025M30aFJ383661Rajasthan, India—Kumar 2009M30aFJ383662Rajasthan, India—Kumar 2009M30aFJ383663Rajasthan, India—Kumar 2009M30aFJ383666Rajasthan, India—Kumar 2009M30aJQ446403India—Khan 2013M30aKY933649India—Husain 2017M30aOP004792IndiaGujaratisAlqaisi 2023M30aOP004800IndiaGujaratisAlqaisi 2023M30a1AY289072southern IndiaKoragasIngman-Gyll 2006M30a1AY922254India—Sun 2006M30a2FJ383660Rajasthan, India—Kumar 2009M30a2FJ383665Rajasthan, India—Kumar 2009M30bAY289071southern IndiaKannada peopleIngman-Gyll 2006M30bAY922277India—Sun 2006M30bFJ383664Rajasthan, India—Kumar 2009M30bKM043056Punjab, IndiaJat SikhFamilyTreeDNAM30bKX467301Jammu and Kashmir, India—Sharma 2017M30bMN595716Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30bMN595856Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30bMT506269IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30bOP004790IndiaGujaratisAlqaisi 2023M30bPV166895southern IndiaCoorgsKumar 2025M30cPQ306076India—Sequeira 2024M30cPV166852southern IndiaCoorgsKumar 2025M30cPV166869southern IndiaCoorgsKumar 2025M30cPV166873southern IndiaCoorgsKumar 2025M30cPV166876southern IndiaCoorgsKumar 2025M30cPV166885southern IndiaCoorgsKumar 2025M30cPV166889southern IndiaCoorgsKumar 2025M30cPV166892southern IndiaCoorgsKumar 2025M30c1AF382013India—Maca-Meyer 2006M30c1AY922268India—Sun 2006M30c1KR074253India—Marrero 2016M30c1MK460513Bangladesh—Saha 2019M30c1MN595711Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30c1MN595814Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30c1OM489683Sri Lanka—Jayasekera 2022M30c1OM489726Sri Lanka—Jayasekera 2022M30c1OM489728Sri Lanka—Jayasekera 2022M30c1OP004759IndiaGujaratisAlqaisi 2023M30c1PQ137277Pakistan—Bukhari 2025M30c1PQ137295Pakistan—Bukhari 2025M30c1aAY922257India—Sun 2006M30c1aHM036539northern IndiaLadakhisSharma 2011M30c1aHM036550northern IndiaLadakhisSharma 2011M30c1a1EF556149IndiaBene Israel JewBehar 2008M30dMN595893Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30dPQ137361Pakistan—Bukhari 2025M30d1AY922256India—Sun 2006M30d1FJ383654Nepal—Kumar 2009M30d1FJ383655Nepal—Kumar 2009M30d1FJ383656Nepal—Kumar 2009M30d1KF450900PakistanMakrani peopleLippold 2014M30d1MT506288IndiaZoroastrian ParsisPatell 2020M30d2AY922255India—Sun 2006M30d2FJ383668Maharashtra, India—Kumar 2009M30d2FJ383669Maharashtra, India—Kumar 2009M30d2HM156674India—Govindaraj 2011M30eFJ383670Maharashtra, India—Kumar 2009M30eFJ383672Maharashtra, India—Kumar 2009M30eFJ383676Maharashtra, India—Kumar 2009M30eFJ383677Maharashtra, India—Kumar 2009M30eFJ383678Gujarat, India—Kumar 2009M30eFJ383679Gujarat, India—Kumar 2009M30fDQ246818India—Rajkumar 2005M30fFJ383674Madhya Pradesh, India—Kumar 2009M30fGU480014India—Sharma 2011M30fKF450935PakistanSindhisLippold 2014M30fOP004736IndiaGujaratisAlqaisi 2023M30fOP004776IndiaGujaratisAlqaisi 2023M30gFJ383671Madhya Pradesh, India—Kumar 2009M30gJF742213Kathmandu, Nepal—Wang 2012M30gJX462693India—Khan 2013M30gMN595844Pakistan—Rahman 2021M30gPQ137378Pakistan—Bukhari 2025
East-Central Asia and East Asia
M30 has also been detected in the maternal lineages of China. Peng et al. (2017) have found one individual who belongs to mtDNA haplogroup M30c1 in a sample of 28 Tajiks from Dushanbe, Tajikistan, two individuals who belong to mtDNA haplogroup M30h (bearing mutations at the 16093, 4394, 4491, and 12451 loci) in a sample of 68 Kyrgyz from Taxkorgan, Xinjiang, China, one individual who belongs to mtDNA haplogroup M30* (bearing additional mutations at the 11437 and 16274 loci) in a sample of 66 Wakhis from Taxkorgan, and one individual who belongs to mtDNA haplogroup M30 (bearing additional mutations at the 16234 and 16153 loci, possibly marking a pre-M30e branch) in a sample of 86 Sarikolis from Taxkorgan.Min-Sheng Peng, Weifang Xu, Jiao-Jiao Song, et al. (2017), "Mitochondrial genomes uncover the maternal history of the Pamir populations." European Journal of Human Genetics https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-017-0028-8
HaplogroupGenBank IDCountry/RegionPopulationSourceM30FJ748727Tibet, ChinaTibetanJi 2010M30MF522852TajikistanKyrgyzPeng 2017M30MF522877TajikistanKyrgyzPeng 2017M30MF523093ChinaSarikoli TajiksPeng 2017M30MF523219TajikistanWakhiPeng 2017M30c1MF522990Dushanbe, TajikistanTajiksPeng 2017
Southeast Asia
HaplogroupGenBank IDCountry/RegionPopulationSourceM30MG272917Thailand—Kutanan 2018M30c1KP346045MyanmarBamar peopleLi 2015
West Asia and Northern Africa
M30 has been detected in Palestinian Arabs and is thought to be due to a recent gene flow from India into that region. It is also found in Eastern Yemeni populations, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Upper Egypt, and Kesra (Tunisia). M30 individuals were found to constitute 7.5% of the total population of Hadramawt (Yemen).
HaplogroupGenBank IDCountry/RegionPopulationSourceM30EU370397Saudi Arabia—Abu-Amero 2008M30-C16234TKF451210IsraelPalestinian ArabsLippold 2014M30-C16234TKF451249HaMerkaz, IsraelPalestinian ArabsLippold 2014M30-C16234TKJ446739—Palestinian ArabsZheng 2014M30bKR074248Saudi Arabia—Marrero 2016M30c1MF437059United Arab Emirates—Al-Jasmi 2020M30c1MF437077United Arab Emirates—Al-Jasmi 2020M30d1MF437278United Arab Emirates—Al-Jasmi 2020
Europe
M30 is uncommon among the native ethnic groups of Europe.
HaplogroupGenBank IDCountry/RegionPopulationSourceM30KF161562Denmark—Li 2013M30-C16234TKP076664FranceFrenchFamilyTreeDNA
Pre-Modern M30 Samples
+In South Asia Haplogroup ID Alt ID Location Period Author(s) M30 I3406 R43 Roopkund Lake, India 885-980 CE Harney, É. et al. M30 I6549 — Swat District, Pakistan 167-46 BCE — M30 I6552 — Swat District, Pakistan 200-0 BCE — M30 I6894 — Swat District, Pakistan 400-200 BCE — M30-C16234T I6945 R64 Roopkund Lake, India 687-870 CE Harney, É. et al. M30-C16234T — Med1 Kashmir valley, India 1444-1617 CE Dwivedi, A. et al. M30c I3346 R15 Roopkund Lake, India 717-889 CE Harney, É. et al. M30c1 I12149 — Swat District, Pakistan 1000-800 BCE — M30c1 I12470 — Swat District, Pakistan 1000-800 BCE — M30d1 I7723 — Swat District, Pakistan 400-200 BCE — M30d1 I12461 — Swat District, Pakistan 1000-800 BCE — M30g I12134 — Swat District, Pakistan 1000-800 BCE —
+Outside of South Asia Haplogroup ID Alt ID Location Period Author(s) M30a I2123 — Gonur Depe, Turkmenistan 2452-2140 BCE — M30b I11466 — Shahr-i Sokhta, Iran 2500-2000 BCE —
Subclades
Tree