Old Occitan (, ), also called Old Provençal, was the earliest form of the Occitano-Romance languages, as attested in writings dating from the 8th to the 14th centuries.Rebecca Posner, The Romance Languages, Cambridge University Press, 1996, Frank M. Chambers, An Introduction to Old Provençal Versification. Diane, 1985 Old Occitan generally includes Early and Old Occitan. Middle Occitan is sometimes included in Old Occitan, sometimes in Modern Occitan."The Early Occitan period is generally considered to extend from to 1000, Old Occitan from 1000 to 1350, and Middle Occitan from 1350 to 1550" in William W. Kibler, Medieval France: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 1995, As the term appeared around the year 1300,Smith and Bergin, Old Provençal Primer, p. 2 Old Occitan is referred to as "Romance" (Occitan: ) or "Provençal" (Occitan: ) in medieval texts.
History
Among the earliest records of Occitan are the Tomida femina, the Boecis and the Cançó de Santa Fe. Old Occitan, the language used by the troubadours, was the first Romance language with a literary corpus and had an enormous influence on the development of lyric poetry in other European languages. The interpunct was a feature of its orthography and survives today in Catalan and Gascon.
The official language of the sovereign principality of the Viscounty of Béarn was the local vernacular Bearnès dialect of Old Occitan. It was the spoken language of law courts and of business and it was the written language of customary law. Although vernacular languages were increasingly preferred to Latin in western Europe in the late Middle Ages, the status of Occitan in Béarn was unusual because its use was required by law: "lawyers will draft their petitions and pleas in the vernacular language of the present country, both in speech and in writing".Paul Cohen, "Linguistic Politics on the Periphery: Louis XIII, Béarn, and the Making of French as an Official Language in Early Modern France", When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence (Ohio State University Press, 2003), pp. 165–200.
Old Catalan and Old Occitan diverged between the 11th and the 14th centuries.Riquer, Martí de, Història de la Literatura Catalana, vol. 1. Barcelona: Edicions Ariel, 1964 Catalan never underwent the shift from to or the shift from to (except in unstressed syllables in some dialects) and so had diverged phonologically before those changes affected Old Occitan.
Phonology Old Occitan changed and evolved somewhat during its history, but the basic sound system can be summarised as follows:The charts are based on phonologies given in Paden, William D., An Introduction to Old Occitan, New York 1998
Consonants + Old Occitan consonants Labial Dental/alveolar Postalveolar/palatal Velar Nasal Plosive Fricative Affricate Lateral Trill Tap
Notes: Written is believed to have represented the affricate , but since the spelling often alternates with , it may also have represented [k] in some cases. Word-final may sometimes represent , as in gaug "joy" (also spelled gauch). Intervocalic could represent either or . Written could represent either or .
Vowels
Monophthongs Front Central Back Close Close-mid () Open-mid ɛ ɔOpen a Original /u/ (from Latin /uː/) fronted to /y/. When this occurred is unclear: some scholars prefer the tenth or eleventh century, while others favour the thirteenth century. Either way, original /o/ (from Latin /u/ and /oː/) subsequently raised to the vacated position, becoming /u/. Both phonemes maintained their original spelling (⟨u⟩ for /y/, ⟨o⟩ for /u/), although in the fourteenth century an alternative spelling ⟨ou⟩ was also introduced for /u/ under French influence.Paden 1998: 100–102 The open-mid vowels and variably diphthongized in stressed position when followed by a semivowel or palatalised consonant, and sporadically elsewhere, but retained their value as separate vowel phonemes with minimal pairs such as pèl /pɛl/ "skin" and pel /pel/ "hair".
Diphthongs and triphthongs
+ Old Occitan diphthongs and triphthongs IPA Example Meaning falling paire father autre other conoiser to know dous sweet pois then mou it moves vei I see beure to drink seis six breu short cuid I believe estiu summer rising miels better cuelh he receives cuolh he receives triphthongsstress always falls on middle vowel lieis her ieu I nuoit night pueis then uou egg bueu ox
Graphemics
Old Occitan is a non-standardised language regarding its spelling, meaning that different graphemic signs can represent one sound and vice versa. For example:
, , or for [ʎ]; , or for [s]; , or for [z]; word-final or for [tʃ]
Morphology Some notable characteristics of Old Occitan: It had a two-case system (nominative and oblique), as in Old French, with the oblique derived from the Latin accusative case. The declensional categories were also similar to those of Old French; for example, the Latin third-declension nouns with stress shift between the nominative and accusative were maintained in Old Occitan only in nouns referring to people. There were two distinct conditional tenses: a "first conditional", similar to the conditional tense in other Romance language, and a "second conditional", derived from the Latin pluperfect indicative tense. The second conditional is cognate with the literary pluperfect in Portuguese, the -ra imperfect subjunctive in Spanish, the second preterite of very early Old French (Sequence of Saint Eulalia) and probably the future perfect in modern Gascon.
Extracts From Bertran de Born's (, translated by James H. Donalson):
See also Occitan conjugation Occitan phonology
Notes
Further reading Frede Jensen. The Syntax of Medieval Occitan, 2nd edn. De Gruyter, 2015 (1st edn. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1986). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 208. 978-3-484-52208-4. French translation: Frede Jensen. Syntaxe de l'ancien occitan. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1994. William D. Paden. An Introduction to Old Occitan. Modern Language Association of America, 1998. .
Povl Skårup. Morphologie élémentaire de l'ancien occitan. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, Nathaniel B. Smith & Thomas Goddard Bergin. An Old Provençal Primer. Garland, 1984, Kathrin Kraller. Sprachgeschichte als Kommunikationsgeschichte: Volkssprachliche Notarurkunden des Mittelalters in ihren Kontexten. Mit einer Analyse der okzitanischen Urkundensprache und der Graphie. Universität Regensburg, 2019,
References
External links A site with a presentation of Old Occitan