This is a list of digraphs used in various Latin alphabets. Letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetical order according to their base, e.g. is alphabetised with , not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Substantially-modified letters, such as (a variant of ) and (based on ), are placed at the end.
Capitalisation only involves the first letter unless otherwise stated. For instance, becomes . Exceptions: In Dutch, becomes , and in Irish, digraphs marking eclipsis are capitalised on the second letter, i.e. becomes .
Apostrophe Source:
(capital ) is used in Bari for .
(capital ) is used in Bari for .
is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark or yin tone . It is also often represented by .
is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark .
is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark .
is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark .
(capital ) is used in Bari and Hausa (in Nigeria) for , but in Niger, Hausa is replaced with .
A is used in Taa for the glottalized or creaky-voiced vowel .
is used in Dutch, Finnish and other languages with phonemic long vowels for . It was formerly used in Danish and Norwegian (and still is in some proper names) for or (in Danish), until it was replaced with . There is a ligature . In Cantonese romanisations such as Jyutping or Yale, it is used for , contrasting with .
is used in English for , Latin loanwords with are generally pronounced with (e.g. Caesar), prompting Noah Webster to shorten this to in his 1806 spelling reform for American English. In Irish, represents between two "broad" (velarized) consonants, e.g. "a Gael". In Latin, originally represented the diphthong , before it was monophthongized in the Vulgar Latin period to ; in medieval manuscripts, the digraph was frequently replaced by the ligature . In German, is a variant of found in some proper names or in contexts where is unavailable. In Dutch, is an old spelling variant of but now only occurs in names of people or (less often) places and in a few loanwords from Greek and Latin. In Zhuang, represents ( represents ). In Revised Romanization of Korean, represents .
is used in Portuguese for stressed when in the final syllable, e.g. and .
is used in Taa for breathy or murmured . In German and English it typically represents a long vowel .
is used in many languages, typically representing the diphthong . In English, due to the Great Vowel Shift, it represents as in pain and rain, while in unstressed syllables it may represent , e.g. bargain and certain(ly). In French, it represents . In Irish, it represents between a broad and a slender consonant. In Scottish Gaelic, it represents or between a broad and a slender consonant, except when preceding word-final or pre-consonant (e.g. , or pre-consonant (e.g. . In the Kernowek Standard orthography of Cornish, it represents , mostly in loanwords from English such as paint.
is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in French for , as in or .
is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in Scottish Gaelic for or sometimes , between a broad and a slender consonant.
is used in modern Portuguese for stressed before consonants, although it is very rare since this diphthong is usually found stressed only at the end of words and therefore spelt as . Alas, it is currently found in some words such as . In 1931, in European Portuguese's orthography, it replaced in all its occurrences due to a small orthographic reform, but this change was soon reverted in 1945 as part of an orthographic agreement with Brazil to match Brazilian Portuguese's orthography, which still kept .
is used in Portuguese for in past verb conjugations word finally, before a consonant, and before a vowel. In French, it represents in lieu of before .
is used in Portuguese for a stressed before a consonant.
is used in many languages to write a nasal vowel. In Portuguese it is used for before a consonant. In French it represents ( before a vowel). In Breton it represents .
is used in Hokkien Pe̍h-ōe-jī for .
is used in Portuguese for a stressed before a consonant.
is used in Tibetan Pinyin for . It is alternately written .
is used in Walloon, for the nasal vowel .
is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel
is used in many languages, such as Piedmontese and Mandarin (Hanyu Pinyin), to represent . In Irish, it represents ( in Munster) between broad consonants. In Scottish Gaelic, it represents between broad consonants. In French, it is found in a few words such as representing and as representing . In Malagasy, it represents . In Wymysorys, it represents .
is used in Portuguese for , but only when it appears stressed, since unstressed is spelt word finally, this distinction usually happens in verb conjugations. E.g. "they made", and "they will make".
is used in Taa, for the pharyngealized vowel .
is used in English for . It occasionally represents , as in flautist. Other pronunciations are or (depending on dialect) in aunt and laugh, in gauge, in gauche and chauffeur, and as in meerschaum and restaurant. In German and Dutch, it represents and , respectively ( in some northern and in some southern Dutch and some Flemish dialects). In French, it represents or sometimes . In Icelandic and Norwegian it represents and , respectively. In several Romanizations of Wu Chinese, it represents . In the Cornish Kernowek Standard, it is used for , as in "cabbage" or "to dance".
is used in German for the diphthong in declension of native words with ; elsewhere, is written as . In words, mostly of Latin origin, where and are separated by a syllable boundary, it represents , e.g. (a German form for Matthew).
is used in English in ways that parallel English , though it appears more often at the end of a word. In Cornish, it represents or . In Welsh, it represents .
is used in English in ways that parallel , though it appears more often at the end of a word. In French, it represents before a vowel (as in ) and before a consonant (as in ). In Cornish, it represents , , , or .
(a split digraph) is used in English for .
B is used for in languages such as Nuosu, where stands for . It was used in Portuguese until 1911 in European orthography and 1943 in Brazilian orthography. It had the same sound as and was only used for etymological purposes. In Hungarian, it represents geminated . In English, doubling a letter indicates that the previous vowel is short (so represents ). In ISO romanized Korean, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled ; e.g. hobbang. In Hadza it represents the ejective . In several African languages it is implosive . In Cypriot Arabic it is .
is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as bdellatomy. When not initial, it represents , as in abdicate.
is used in Bavarian and several African languages for the .
is used in transcriptions of Indo-Aryan languages for a murmured voiced bilabial plosive (), and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar prevoiced aspirated plosive . It is used in Irish to represent (beside ) and (beside ), word-initially it marks the lenition of , e.g. "my boat", "would be". In Scottish Gaelic, it represents , or in a few contexts as between a broad vowel and a broad consonant or between two broad vowels, as in . In the orthography used in Guinea before 1985, was used in Pular (a Fula language) for the voiced bilabial implosive , whereas in Xhosa, Zulu, and Shona, represents the implosive and represents the plosive . In some orthographies of Dan, is and is .
is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it represents either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ('mother') or ('this').
is used in Sandawe and romanized Thai for . (capital ) is used in Irish, as the eclipsis of , to represent (beside ) and (beside ).
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for the voiced labiodental affricate .
is used in Shona for a whistled sibilant cluster .
C was formerly used in Spanish-based spelling systems for Quechua and Aymara for , as in Ccozcco (modern Qusqu) ('Cuzco'). In Italian, before a front vowel represents a geminated , as in . In Piedmontese and Lombard, represents at the end of a word. In Hadza it is the glottalized click . In English crip slang, can sometimes replace the letters or at the ends of words, such as with thicc, protecc, succ and fucc.
was used for or in Old English ( in Old English sounded like 'edge' in Modern English, while sounded like 'froga'), where both are long consonants. It is used for the click in Naro, and in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless dental click .
is used in several languages. In English, it can represent , , , or . See article.
is used in Manx for , such as in the word ("speech"), as a distinction from which is used for .
is used in the 1644 orthography for Mochica, representing an undetermined palatal sound, possibly something like or .
is used in Romani and the Chechen Latin alphabet for . In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for .
is used in the Italian for before the non-front vowel letters . In English, it usually represents whenever it precedes any vowel other than . In Polish, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of appearing in other situations. In Romanian, it represents . The digraph is found at the end of a word () or before ().
is used in Friulian for such as in words . It's also used in local orthographies of Lombard to represent derived from Latin .
is used in many Germanic languages in lieu of or to indicate either a geminated , or a with a preceding (historically) short vowel. The latter is the case with English tack, deck, pick, lock, and buck (compare backer with baker). In German, indicates that the preceding vowel is short. Prior to the German spelling reform of 1996, it was replaced by for syllabification. The new spelling rules allow only syllabification of the as a whole: Old spelling: : ('sacks') New spelling: : Among the modern Germanic languages, is used mainly in Alsatian, English, German, Luxembourgish, Scots, Swedish, and other West Germanic languages in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Similarly, is used for the same purpose in Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Icelandic, Norwegian, and other West Germanic languages in the Netherlands and Belgium. Compare the word nickel, which is the same in many of these languages except for the customary or spelling. The word is in English and Swedish, in German, and nikkel in Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Icelandic and Norwegian. It was also used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless dental click (equivalent to ). It is also used in Cornish for at the end of a syllable after a short vowel; only in loanwords (mostly from English) in the Standard Written Form (SWF), more widely in Kernowek Standard.
is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as cnidarian. When not initial, it represents , as in acne. It is used in Scottish Gaelic for , and nasalises the following vowel, as in .
is used in Seri for a labialized velar plosive, . It is placed between and in alphabetical order.
is used in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages for .
is used in the Hungarian for a voiceless postalveolar affricate, . It is considered a distinct letter, named , and is placed between and in alphabetical order. Examples of words with include ('only'), ('cup'), ('pipe'), ('peppery').
is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ctenoid. When not initial, it represents , as in act. Is used in Portuguese for in some words, e.g. but not in .