Doabi ( . ), also known as Bist Doabi or Jalandhari, is an eastern dialect of the Punjabi language. The dialect is named after the region in which it originated, Doaba or Bist Doab, between the Beas and Sutlej. Its occurrence in parts of Pakistani Punjab owes to post-1947 migration of Punjabi Muslim populace from East Punjab. The region it is now spoken includes: the Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kapurthala and Nawanshahr districts of Punjab and in lower parts of Una district of Himachal Pradesh.
The sub dialects of Doabi include Dona and Manjki.Tribune 28 January 2009 Sarbjit Dhaliwal
History During the British colonial period, Doabi was spoken in the Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts of the Jalandhar division. Doabi was also spoken in parts of Kapurthala State, such as at Kapurthala. Since the 1947 partition, Majhi speakers (such as from Sialkot and Lahore) have settled in the cities of Jalandhar, Nakodar, Kartarpur, and Kapurthala leading to influences on the local Doabi spoken there.
Phonology Consonants +Consonantal Inventory of PunjabiLabialDental/AlveolarPostalveolarRetroflexVelarGlottalPlosive/AffricateTenuisAspirated**Voiced*Fricative*, **Approximant**Nasal*Lateral*Tap/Flap Spirantisation of // and // is quite common in Punjabi, but this is less apparent in Doaba. Similarly, other Persian-borrowed phonemes are also pronounced in a more indigenous manner. are pronounced respectively. Another surprising aspect is that is almost always pronounced as .
Debuccalisation of , to in between vowels also occurs.
Among youngsters, and are often replaced with and . Though, some will replace all instances of alveolar and with retroflex and as a form of hypercorrection.
Consonants and are often realised as nasal and lateral flaps respectively.
Doabi's fortition at the start of a stressed syllable to as in (big) to .
Doabis often substitute /z/ with /d͡ʒ/, especially in uneducated speech.
Also, the vowel is pronounced . Accordingly, (happy) becomes or (to beat - noun form) becomes . In Doabi, any word beginning with stressed is pronounced . For example, the word (to pull - noun form) is pronounced as or the word (in [something]) is pronounced as . Similarly, can be realised as [o] in certain environments, such as in (dream) to .
The Doabi dialect in its eastern part blends with the Malwai dialect of Ludhiana District, and in its Northern side, it shares the linguistic features of Pahari. Consonant Doabi word English translation ‘moment’ (ਪਲ/) ‘fruit’ (ਫਲ/) ‘firewood’(ਬਾਲਣ/) ‘wire’ (ਤਾਰ/) ‘round tray’(ਥਾਲ/) ‘pulse’ (ਦਾਲ/) ‘pile’ (ਟਾਲ/) ‘correct’ (ਠੀਕ/) ‘mail’ (ਡਾਕ/) ‘imprint’ (ਛਾਪ/) leech (ਜੋਕ/) ‘crow’ (ਕਾਗ/) ‘open’ (ਖੋਲ/) ‘abuse’ (ਗਾਲ਼/) ‘peacock’ (ਮੋਰ/) ‘male’ (ਬੰਦਾ/) * ‘now’ (ਹੁਣ/) ‘red’ (ਰੱਤਾ/رتہ) * ‘near’ (ਕੋਲ਼/) ( ) ‘hear’ (ਸੁਣ/) ( ) ‘lion’ (ਸ਼ੇਰ/) ( ) ‘strength’ (ਜ਼ੋਰ/) ( ) ‘distance’ (ਫ਼ਾਸਲਾ/) ‘more’ (ਹੋਰ/) ‘disease’ (ਰੋਗ/) * ‘pain’ (ਪੀੜ/) * does not occur word initially
Vowels +FrontCenterBackLongShortLongShortCloseʊMid-closeMid-openOpen Doabi has ten vowels. These are
Nasalisation in Punjabi is phonemic too, with nasal equivalents of all peripheral vowels vowels.
For example:
Vowel Word Translation ਅ ਅੱਖ // 'eye' ਉ ਉਠ // ‘awake’ ਇ ਇੱਟ // ‘brick’ ਆ ਆਸ //‘hope’ ਐ ਐਨਕ // spectacles’ ਊ ਊਠ // ‘camel’ ਏ ਸ਼ੇਰ // ‘lion’ ਓ ਮੋਰ // ‘peacock’ ਔ // ‘fear’ ਈ ਤੀਰ // ‘arrow’ One of the most distinctive features of Doabi is how its short close vowels are pronounced. Phonemically, they are:
But are phonetically:
Tone Three tones are used in Doabi: low, mid and high. For example;
Tone Doabi word English translation Falling ਭਾ pà ‘rate’ Neutral ਪਾ pa ‘put’ Rising ਪਾਹ pá ‘harsh’ This tonogenesis occurred from the historic loss of breathy voiced consonants. Word-initially, they became voiceless plosives, but remained voiced word-medially and finally. This loss of phonemes led to tone to distinguish between similar morphemes.
When the consonant (that was breathy-voiced) is word initial, the vowel that follows has a falling tone. When the consonant is medial or word-final, it has a rising tone.
Loss of word-final also led to a rising tone in the preceding vowel.
Stress, however can change what tone on what syllable is present.
Stress Stress in Doabi is realized in two ways, syntagmatically and paradigmatically.
Syntagmatically, stress-shift results in change of meaning. This kind of stress is often orthographically unmarked, and may shift any tone present in a word to the stressed syllable.
For example: Doabi word English translation ਘੜਾ /'kə̀ɽa:/ ‘pitcher’ ਘੜਾ /kə'ɽà:/ ‘to shape, sculpt, mold’
Paradigmatically, Doabi has stressed and unstressed syllables;
Unstressed Doabi word English translation s satt ‘essence’ sirnawa ‘address’
Stressed Doabi word English translation s sat ‘seven’ tt patta ‘leaf’
Grammar
Sentence structure Doabi's end sentences with "aa" (present tense) and "sigey" (past —tense), instead of "han" (present tense) and "san" or "si" (past tense). "Aiddan", "Jiddan", "Kiddan" are all commonly used adverbs in Doabi as opposed to the "Aistaran/Enj," "Jistaran/Jivven," and "Kistaran/Kivven," used in Punjabi's prestige dialect, Majhi.
Present Tense: Usage of aa (sing.) and aa (plu.)
Examples: PhraseDoabiStandard PunjabiHe is doingOh kardā ā
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਆOh kardā ɛ̀/e*
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਹੈ/ਏ*They are doingOh karde (y)ā
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਆOh karde han
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ*spoken forms Past Tense: Uninflected sī, or number- and gender-inflected sīgā/sīgī/sīge/sīgīā, in Doabi
Examples: PhraseDoabiStandard PunjabiHe was doingoh kardā sī/sīgā ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ oh kardā sī
ਉਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ They were doingoh karde sī/sīge
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ /ਸੀਗੇ oh karde san
ਉਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ (also ਸਣ in spoken Majhi)You (sing. m.) were doingtũ kardā sī/sīgā ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ tũ kardā sɛ̃
ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੈਂ You (pl.) were doingtusī̃ karde sī/sīge
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ tusī̃ karde so
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੋ I (m.) was doingmɛ̃ kardā sī/sīgā
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗਾ mɛ̃ kardā sã
ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸਾਂ We were doingāppā karde sī/sīge
ਆਪਾਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸੀ/ਸੀਗੇ asī̃ karde sã
ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਾਂ
Vocabulary Doabi English Standard Punjabi ਹੋਊਗਾ "hōūgā" Will Happen "hōvēgā" "bāɽa" Cow shed "havelī" ਧੌਣ "dhauṇ" Neck "gardan" "pāḷā " Cold "thand" "kunjī" Key "chābbī" "gaṭhe" Onions "ganḍē" "niāṇe" Children "bacche" "Dekhṇa" To See "Vekhṇā" "kardā sī To Be Doing "kar ría ɛ̀" "gábbe" Middle "vichkār" "līre/talle" Clothes "kappaṛe" "lītā" Bought "Leyayea"
Some basic vocabulary items Doabi word English translation ‘father’ ‘sister’ ‘brother’ ‘apple’ ‘paddy’ ‘elder’
Orthography Doabi uses the Gurmukhi script.
Tone that occurs from the loss of breathy voiced consonants is shown through the following characters in orthography:
ਘ ਝ ਢ ਧ ਭ ੜ੍ਹ
See also Languages of Pakistan Languages of India List of Indian languages by total speakers Malwi dialect Puadhi dialect Omission of word-final shwa in Indo-Aryan languages
Notes
References