The Doryctinae or doryctine wasps are a large subfamily of parasitoid wasps within the family Braconidae.
Description and identification
Doryctine wasps are found across almost the entire size range of Braconidae, from 1 to 25 mm. In the small species the head tends to be relatively large and the body, while slender, remarkably elongated. Doryctines tend to be small-winged, with many having very much reduced wings. Numerous species in this family are unable to fly or even lack wings entirely. They have a characteristic row of stout spines running lengthwise along the foreleg tibia, and a cyclostome depression above the mandibles.
Distribution Doryctinae have a worldwide distribution except for the polar regions.
Biology Some Doryctinae are known to form galls on plants similar to the Mesostoinae (a small subfamily endemic to Australia). Some species in the genus Allorhogas feed on seeds. The large majority of doryctines are idiobiont ectoparasitoids of the larvae of wood-boring beetles – such as jewel beetles (Buprestidae). Some species parasitize lepidopteran or symphytan larvae. The host is paralyzed by venom injected through the female's ovipositor before an egg is laid. The spines present on the foreleg of the adult enable it to escape from the narrow wooden tunnels of the hosts.
Biological control Doryctines have been used to control pests in Europe, Australia, and North America. Several doryctine wasps are of economic importance as biocontrol agents in Australia against eucalyptus pests. The species Spathius agrili has been introduced to the United States from China in an effort to control the emerald ash borer.
Taxonomy and phylogeny Doryctinae is considered to be part of the cyclostome group, a clade of subfamilies including Alysiinae, Betylobraconinae, Braconinae, Gnamptodontinae, Exothecinae, Hormiinae, Lysiterminae, Opiinae, Pambolinae, Rogadinae, Rhysipolinae, and Rhyssalinae.
16 tribes of Doryctinae have been designated. The former subfamily Ypsistocerinae has been subsumed under Doryctinae as one of these tribes, Ypsistocerini.
Doryctinae comprises over 2000 species in 198 genera, with new taxa continuing to be described. 182 of the genera placed in the Doryctinae include:
Tribe Binareini Acanthodoryctes Turner, 1918 Antidoryctes Belokobylskij & Quicke, 2000 Binarea Brullé, 1846 Dooliba Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Liobracon Szépligeti, 1901
Tribe Doryctini Acanthorhogas Szepligeti, 1906 †Anacanthobracon Brues, 1939 Aphelopsia Marsh, 1993 Asiaontsira Belokobylskij, Tang, & Chen, 2013 Bracodoryctes Belokobylskij & Quicke, 2000 Bracocesa Koçak & Kemal, 2008 Bulbonervus Shenefelt, 1969 Caenophanes Foerster, 1862 Caingangia Marsh, 1993 Cecidospathius Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910 Ceratodoryctes Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Chelonodoryctes Belokobylskij & Quicke, 2000 Coiba Marsh, 1993 Cryptodoryctes Belokobylskij & Quicke, 2000 Cryptontsira Belokobylskij, 2008 Cyphodoryctes Marsh, 1993 Dendrosoter Wesmael, 1838 Dendrosotinus Telenga, 1941 Dicarinoryctes Braet & van Achterberg, 2001 Donquickeia Marsh, 1997 Doryctes Haliday, 1836 Doryctodes Hellén, 1927 Doryctophasmus Enderlein, 1912 Doryctopsis Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Echinodoryctes Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Eodendrus Belokobylskij, 2005 Esterella Pagliano & Scaramozzino, 1990 Euscelinus Westwood, 1882 Guaygata Marsh, 1993 Gymnobracon Szépligeti, 1902 Halycaea Cameron, 1903 Heerz Marsh, 1993 Histeromeroides Marsh, 1993 Hybodoryctes Szépligeti, 1906 Hypodoryctes Kokujev, 1900 Janzenia Marsh, 1993 Johnsonius Marsh, 1993 Kauriphanes Belokobylskij, Ceccarelli, Zaldívar-Riverón, 2012 Lamquetia Braet, Barbalho & van Achterberg, 2003 Latana Cameron, 1906 Megaloproctus Schulz, 1906 Neostaphius Braet, Barbalhoa & van Achterberg, 2003 Neurocrassus Šnoflák, 1945 Odontodoryctes Granger, 1949 Ontsira Cameron, 1900 Ontsirospathius Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Osmophila Szépligeti, 1902 †Palaeorhyssalus Brues, 1933 Pedinotus Szépligeti, 1902 Pirramurra Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Priosphys Enderlein, 1920 †Promonolexis Brues, 1933 Pseudodoryctes <small>Szépligeti, 1915</small</small> Rhoptrocentrus Marshall, 1897 Sharkeyella Marsh, 1993 Shawius Marsh, 1993 Sinaodoryctes Chen & Shi, 2004 Sonanus Belokobylskij & Konishi, 2001 Tarasco Marsh, 1993 Verae Marsh, 1993 Waitaca Marsh, 1993 Whartonius Marsh, 1993 Whitfieldiellus Marsh, 1997
Tribe Ecphylini Achterbergia Marsh, 1993 Aivalykus Nixon, 1938 Bohartiellus Marsh, 1983 Ecphylus Foerster, 1862 Sycosoter Picard & Lichtenstein, 1917
Tribe Evaniodini Evaniodes Szépligeti, 1901
Tribe Hecabolini Allorhogas Gahan, 1912 Callihormius Ashmead, 1900 Curtisella Spinola, 1851 Doryctinus Roman, 1910 (= Acrophasmus) Glyptocolastes Ashmead, 1900 Hecabolodes Wilkinson 1929 Hecabolomorpha Belokobylskij & Chen, 2006 Hecabolus Curtis, 1834 Hemidoryctes Belokobylskij, 1993 (= Atopodoryctes) Leluthia Cameron, 1887 Monolexis Foerster, 1862 Pambolidea Ashmead, 1900 Parallorhogas Marsh, 1993 Pareucorystes Tobias, 1961 Percnobraconoides Marsh, 1989 Polystenus Foerster, 1862 Semirhytus Szépligeti, 1902 Spathiostenus Belokobylskij, 1993 Stenocorse Marsh, 1968 Terate Nixon, 1943 Tripteria Enderlein, 1912
Tribe Heterospilini Asiaheterospilus Belokobylskij & Konishi, 2001 Canchim Barbalho & Penteado-Dias, 1999 Dapsilitas Braet, Barbalhoa & van Achterberg, 2003 Ecphylopsis Ashmead, 1900 Heterospilus Haliday, 1836 Jataiella Barbalho & Penteado-Dias, 1999 Neoheterospilus Belokobylskij, 2006 Paraheterospilus Marsh, 2013 Pioscelus Muesebeck & Walkley 1951 Synspilus Belokobylskij & Quicke, 2000
Tribe Holcobraconini Holcobracon Cameron, 1905 Ivondrovia Shenefelt & Marsh, 1976 Liodoryctes Szépligeti, 1906 Odontobracon Cameron, 1887 Monarea Szépligeti, 1904 Nervellius Roman, 1924 Zombrus Marshall, 1897
Tribe Labaniini Labania Hedqvist, 1963
Tribe Leptospathiini Australospathius Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Leptospathius Szépligeti, 1902 Oroceguera Seltmann & Sharkey, 2007 Schlettereriella Szépligeti, 1904 Stephanospathius Belokobylskij, 1992
Tribe Mononeurini Leptodoryctes Barbalho & Penteado-Dias, 1999 Mononeuron Fischer, 1981 Nipponecphylus Belokobylskij, 2001
Tribe Percnobraconini Fijibracon Belokobylskij, 1995 Fritziella Marsh, 1993 Masonius Marsh, 1993 Micrommatus Marsh, 1993 Percnobracon Kieffer & Jörgensen, 1910
Tribe Rhaconotini Antespathius Belokobylskij, 1995 Aptenobracon Marsh, 1965 Arhaconotus Belokobylskij, 2001 Bathycentor Saussure, 1892 Grangerdoryctes Belokobylskij, 2004 Ipodoryctes Granger, 1949 Leptorhaconotus Granger, 1949 Mimipodoryctes Belokobylskij, 2000 Neorhaconotus Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Platyspathius Viereck, 1911 Pseudorhaconotus van Achterberg, 2009 Rhaconotus Ruthe, 1854 Rhacontsira Belokobylskij, 1998
Tribe Sericobraconini Sericobracon Shaw & Edgerly, 1985
Tribe Siragrini Arkoola Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Gurburra Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Jarra Marsh & Austin, 1994 Pseudosyngaster Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Siragra Cameron, 1907 Syngaster Brullé, 1846
Tribe Spathiini Afrospathius Belokobylskij & Quicke, 2000 Celereon Say, 1836 Ceylonspathius Belokobylskij Concurtisella Roman, 1924 Fijispathius Belokobylskij, Iqbal & Austin, 2004 Hemispathius Belokobylskij & Quicke, 2000 Notiospathius Matthews & Marsh Parana Nixon, 1943 Paraspathius Viereck, 1911 Psenobolus Reinhard, 1885 Ptesimogaster Marsh Rhyukyuspathius Belokoblylskij, 2008 Sisupala Nixon, 1943 Spathiomorpha Tobias, 1976 Spathioplites Fischer Spathius Nees, 1818 Termitospathius Belokobylskij, 2002 Toka Nixon, 1943 Trigonophasmus Enderlein, 1912
Tribe Ypsistocerini Embobracon van Achterberg, 1995 Preembobracon Quicke & Butcher, 2015 Termitobracon Brues, 1923 Ypsistocerus Cushman, 1923
Tribal placement unknown Barbalhoa Marsh, 2002 Bolivar Zaldívar-Riverón & Rodríguez-Jiménez, 2013 Doryctopambolus Nunes, et al., 2012 Iare Barbalho & Penteado-Dias, 2000 Lianus Gomes & Penteado-Dias, 2006 Lissopsius Marsh, 2002 Mexiare Belokobylskij, Samaca-Sáenz, & Zaldívar-Riverón, 2015 Mimodoryctes Zaldívar-Riverón & Rodríguez-Jiménez, 2013 Rasnitsynoryctes Belokobylskij, 2011 Sergey Martinez, Lazaro, Pedraza-Lara, & Zaldivar-Riveron, 2016 Tuberatra Gadelha, Nunes, & de Oliveira, 2016 Venifurca Gadelha, Nunes, Zaldivar-Riveron, & de Oliveira, 2016
References
External links Photos on BugGuide DNA barcodes on BOLD Systems