Peridinium is a genus of motile, marine and freshwater dinoflagellates. Their morphology is considered typical of the armoured dinoflagellates, and their form is commonly used in diagrams of a dinoflagellate's structure. Peridinium can range from 30 to 70 μm in diameter, and has very thick thecal plates.
Morphology Peridinium is enclosed by cellulose theca and with two flagellates. The composition of the theca is laminaribiose and laminaritriose linking by β – 1, 4 and β – 1, 3 linkages. The cell body of Peridinium is highly polarized and is distinguishable from apical and antapical sides or dorsal and ventral sides. Their theca is divided into epicone and hypocone by the middle region (also called girdle or cingulum). The flagellates have two different directions, one is surrounding the middle region while the other are in the longitudinal groove of hypocone. The chloroplast in Peridinium is triple membrane, and some plastid-derived organelles like pyrenoid or eyespot also. This provides the evidence that these organelles originated from secondary endosymbiosis. The inner membrane of mitochondrion is tubular. Trichocyst is a specialized organelle in dinoflagellate which help them defense to predators.
Life cycle Peridinium is a haplontic algae. Most time of Peridinium are haploid vegetative cells and undergoing asexual or sexual cycle. They only form zygote before dormancy.
In asexual cycle, the haploid vegetative cell throws the theca before mitosis and produces two daughter cells by mitosis. During mitosis, the chromosome in their nucleus condenses but the nucleus of endosymbiont doesn’t. After the cleavage furrow starts to separate their nucleus, the nucleus of endosymbiont then passes through the gaps between cleavage furrow and their nucleus. Then the nucleus of endosymbiont was divided by cleavage furrow together.
In sexual cycle, they produce gametes as isogamete and the gametes fuse to form planozygotes to get dormancy. After dormancy, the zygote starts to undergo meiosis. The first meiosis produces a two diploid nuclei cell without cytokinesis. An asynchronized nucleus division then occurs in one of the two nuclei. One nucleus undergoing second meiosis before cytokinesis in first meiosis and turns into a trinucleate stage. After it, the cytokinesis of first meiosis is completed, and the trinucleate cell is divided into a diploid nucleus cell and a double haploid nuclei cell. When the cytokinesis of second meiosis is completed, finally, it produces four haploid daughter cells.
Overall, Peridinium dominants in mobile haploid generation. Between spring and summer, the haploid venerative cells produce gametes by mitosis and fuse gametes into a diploid planozygote. The diploid planozygotes then transform into immobile hypnozygotes and deposit to get dormancy in winter. After a year, the hypnozygotes germinate in spring and release haploid vegetative cells.
Ecology Peridinium gatunense blooms in the Lake Kinneret in Israel which changing the color of the lake is discovered in 1960. The blooming event occurs because the organic mineral is flushed into the sea every year in spring. Organic mineral nourishes the diatom and increases their population. Thus, the planozygotes of Peridinium break dormancy and release thousands of vegetative cells into the sea by feeding on diatom. From 1960 to 1996, the annual pattern was regularly peaked at spring in each year. But starting from 1996, the blooming was broken. The break of blooming is related to high temperature, other phytoplanktonic competitor (Chytrid or Microcystis), and human activities in the aquatic system by managing the water flow of the river.
Species Species include:M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2018. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=Se66edad67e72e87b; searched on 19 August 2018.
Peridinium abscissum O.Zacharias Peridinium achromaticum Levander Peridinium acutangulum Lemmermann Lemmermann Peridinium acutum G.Karsten Peridinium adriaticum H.Broch Peridinium aequalis W.S.Kent Peridinium allorgei Lefèvre Peridinium ampulliforme E.J.F.Wood Peridinium andrzejowskii Woloszynska Peridinium annulatum C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener Peridinium anserinum Baumeister Peridinium aspinum A.F.Meunier Peridinium assymmetricum L.A.Mangin C.E.H.Ostenfeld Peridinium asymmetrica T.H.Abé Peridinium asymmetricum G.Karsten Peridinium baliense E.R.Lindemann Peridinium basilium W.S.Drugg Peridinium belgicum A.Wulff Peridinium bicorne L.K.Schmarda Peridinium bidens Lemmermann Peridinium bimucronatum J.Schiller Peridinium bipes Stein Peridinium brasiliense G.Borics & I.Grigorszky Peridinium callosum E.H.Jörgensen Peridinium carinatum Ehrenberg Peridinium caspicum C.E.H.Ostenfeld Lemmermann Peridinium castaneiforme L.A.Mangin Peridinium cavispinum L.A.Mangin Peridinium centenniale Playfair M.Lefèvre Peridinium chattoni B.Biecheler Peridinium chattonii Biecheler Peridinium chilophaenum Ehrenberg Peridinium chinense J.Schiller Peridinium cinctum O.F.Müller Ehrenberg - type Peridinium comatum P.Morgenroth Peridinium complanatum A.F.Meunier Peridinium complanatum G.Karsten Peridinium corniculum Kofoid & Michener Peridinium crassipyrum Balech Peridinium cucumis G.H.Wailes Peridinium cuneatum A.C.J.Goor Peridinium cypripedium H.J.Clark Peridinium cystiferum Pavillard Peridinium dakariensis P.A.Dangeard Peridinium dalei Indel.& Loeblich Balech Peridinium deficiens A.F.Meunier Peridinium delitiense Ehrenberg Peridinium dentatum V.Hensen Peridinium diamantum D.M.Churchill & W.A.S.Sarjeant Peridinium digitale C.-H.-G.Pouchet Lemmermann Peridinium diplopsalioides A.Henckel Peridinium disciforme A.Cleve Peridinium ellipsoideum L.A.Mangin Peridinium ellipsoideum P.A.Dangeard Peridinium eocenicum I.C.Cookson & A.Eisenack Peridinium excavatum G.W.Martin Peridinium exiguipes L.A.Mangin Peridinium exiguum P.T.Cleve Peridinium formosum Pavillard Peridinium galeatum V.Hensen Peridinium garderae Balech Peridinium gargantua Biecheler Peridinium gatunense Nygaard Peridinium geminum Playfair Peridinium gemma A.Cleve Peridinium globifera T.H.Abé Peridinium godlewskii Woloszynska Peridinium goslaviense Wolszynska Peridinium gracile Gran & Braarud Peridinium gracile Meunier Peridinium grani C.E.H.Ostenfeld Peridinium granisparsum A.F.Meunier Peridinium granulosum Playfair Peridinium gravidum A.F.Meunier Peridinium grenlandicum J.Woloszynska Peridinium gutwinskii Woloszynska Peridinium gymnodinium Pénard Entz Peridinium helix Balech Peridinium hemisphaericum T.H.Abé Peridinium herbaceum F.Schütt Peridinium heteracanthum P.A.Dangeard Peridinium hirobis T.H.Abé Peridinium horridissimum V.Hensen Peridinium horridum V.Hensen Peridinium huberi J.Schiller Peridinium hyalinum A.F.Meunier Peridinium hyalinum C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener Peridinium illustrans O.C.A.Wetzel Peridinium imperfectum G.A.Klebs Peridinium inaequale Fauré-Fremiet Peridinium inaequale N.Peters Peridinium inclinatum Balech Peridinium inconspicuum-contactum E.Lindemann F.Ruttner Peridinium inflatiforme A.Böhm Peridinium intermedium A.Candeias Peridinium intermedium Playfair Playfair Peridinium jensenii Nygaard Nygaard Peridinium jenzschii Ehrenberg Peridinium kansanum P.Tasch Peridinium karianum A.F.Meunier J.Schiller Peridinium karianum A.Henckel Peridinium karstenii Kofoid & Michener Peridinium keyense Nygaard Peridinium knipowitzschii Ussatschew Peridinium kofoidii Fauré-Fremiet Peridinium koma T.H.Abé Peridinium lambdoideum E.Nagy Peridinium laticeps J.Gröntved & G.Seidenfaden Peridinium latipyrum Balech Peridinium lenticulare E.H.Jörgensen Peridinium lenticulatum Fauré-Fremiet Peridinium levanderi T.H.Abé Peridinium limbatum Stokes Lemmermann Peridinium lingii Thomasson Peridinium lithanthracis Ehrenberg Ehrenberg Peridinium loeblichii E.R.Cox & H.J.Arnott Dale Peridinium longicollum Pavillard Peridinium longirostrum A.Cleve Peridinium longispinum L.A.Mangin Peridinium lucina Ehrenberg Peridinium macrapicatum Balech Peridinium macrospinum L.A.Mangin Peridinium majus P.A.Dangeard P.A.Dangeard Peridinium manginii Ostenfeld Peridinium marinum E.Lindemann Peridinium matzenaueri K.R.Gaarder Peridinium melaphyri Jenzsch Ehrenberg Peridinium meunieri N.Peters Peridinium micrapium A.F.Meunier Peridinium minsculum Pavillard Peridinium minus L.A.Mangin Peridinium minus O.W.Paulsen O.W.Paulsen Peridinium minusculum Pavillard Peridinium minutissimum L.A.Mangin Peridinium mixtum Woloszynska Peridinium monacanthum Broch Balech Peridinium monoceros V.Hensen Peridinium morzinense Lefèvre Peridinium multipunctatum Fauré-Fremiet Peridinium mutsui J.Schiller Peridinium nanum Balech Peridinium nasutum L.A.Mangin Peridinium neglectum V.Hensen) Peridinium nivale A.F.Meunier J.Schiller Peridinium nodulosum C.A.Kofoid & J.R.Michener Peridinium norpacense Balech Peridinium novum Chodat Peridinium novum V.Hensen Peridinium nux J.Schiller Peridinium oamaruense Deflandre Schiller Peridinium obesum Matzenauer Peridinium obliquiforme J.Schiller Peridinium obliquum L.A.Mangin Peridinium obliquum P.A.Dangeard Peridinium obtusipes L.A.Mangin Peridinium oculatum Dujardin Peridinium oculatum F.Stein J.Woloszynska Peridinium okamurae T.H.Abé Peridinium ovale V.Hensen Peridinium pacificum Kofoid & Michener Peridinium paleocenicum I.C.Cookson & A.Eisenack Peridinium parainerme D.S.Nie & C.C.Wang Peridinium parallelum Brock Peridinium parapentagonum Wang Peridinium parapyriforme J.Hermosilla Peridinium peisonis J.Schiller Peridinium perbreve Balech & S.O.Soares Peridinium perhorridum V.Hensen Peridinium perminutum A.Cleve Peridinium perrieri Fauré-Fremiet Peridinium persicum J.Schiller Peridinium petersi Balech Peridinium pietschmanni A.Böhm Peridinium pilula Ostenfeld Lemmermann Peridinium planulum J.A.M.Perty Peridinium playfairi E.Lindemann Peridinium playfairii E.R.Lindemann Peridinium pleum P.Tasch Peridinium polymorphum E.Lindemann Peridinium ponticum D.Wall & B.Dale Peridinium porosum V.Hensen Peridinium pouchetii Kofoid & Michener Peridinium priscum Ehrenberg Peridinium privum O.E.Imhof Peridinium pseudo-intermedium Couté & A.Iltis Peridinium pseudo-laeve M.Lefèvre Peridinium pseudoantarcticum Balech Peridinium pseudograni N.Peters Peridinium pseudonoctiluca C.-H.-G.Pouchet C.-H.-G.Pouchet Peridinium pseudopallidum N.Peters Peridinium pulchellum G.Karsten Peridinium pulchrum V.Hensen Peridinium quadricorne A.Henckel Peridinium quadridentatum F.Stein Gert Hansen Peridinium raciborskii Woloszynska Peridinium rampii Balech Peridinium resistente P.Morgenroth Peridinium rhombus A.F.Meunier Peridinium robustum A.F.Meunier Peridinium rubrum L.S.Cienkowski Peridinium saecularis G.Murray & F.G.Whitting C.E.H.Ostenfeld Peridinium scallense E.Lindemann Peridinium schilleri A.Böhm Peridinium schuettii Lemmermann G.Karsten Peridinium seebergi A.Henckel Peridinium sibiricum A.Henckel Peridinium simplex Gran & Braarud Peridinium smirnovii Skvortzov Peridinium sociale L.-F.Henneguy B.Biecheler Peridinium solidum A.Cleve Peridinium speciosum E.H.Jörgensen Peridinium sphaericum A.F.Meunier Peridinium sphaericum G.Murray & F.G.Whitting Peridinium sphaericum K.Okamura Peridinium spheroidea T.H.Abé Peridinium spheroides P.A.Dangeard Peridinium spinosum J.Schiller Peridinium spirale Gaarder Balech Peridinium striatum A.Böhm Peridinium striolatum Playfair Peridinium subtatranum Woloszynska Peridinium sydneyense Thomasson Peridinium symmetricum Halim Peridinium tabulatum Ehrenberg Peridinium tassellatum G.Karsten Peridinium tenuicorne L.A.Mangin Peridinium tenuissimum C.A.Kofoid Peridinium tetraceros v. Strampff Peridinium thuringiae Jenzsch Ehrenberg Peridinium toali A.Henckel Peridinium tomnickii J.Woloszynska Peridinium treubi J.Woloszynska Peridinium tricuspis O.C.A.Wetzel Peridinium tridens Ehrenberg Peridinium triqueta F.Stein Lebour Peridinium tristylum F.Stein Peridinium truncatum O.Zacharias Peridinium truncus T.H.Abé