Clelia Duel Mosher (KLEEL-ya DUE-el MOE-sher; December 16, 1863 – December 21, 1940) was a physician, hygienist and women's health advocate who disapproved of Victorian stereotypes about the physical incapacities of women.Stanford School of Medicine: Who is Clelia Duel Mosher?
Education
Mosher attended Wellesley College, the University of Wisconsin, and Stanford University, where she received a bachelor's degree in zoology in 1893. In 1894, she received a master's degree from Stanford. In 1896, Mosher became a student at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Mosher's Master's degree thesis disproved the then widely held belief that women were physically inferior to men because they could only breathe costally, showing instead it was only women’s fashionable corset clothing of the time that prevented diaphragmatic breathing. She found that women would breathe with their diaphragm with enough exercise.
Career
After her graduation as a doctor of medicine, Mosher worked in private practice, until she became an assistant professor of personal hygiene at Stanford in 1910.
Mosher subsequently researched menstruation, gathering data from 2,000 women over 12,000 menstrual cycles.Mosher, Clelia Duel: Woman’s Physical Freedom, p. 19 She revealed unhygienic habits that caused painful menstruationMosher, Clelia Duel: Woman’s Physical Freedom, p. 28–35 and created the Mosher breathing exercise,Mosher, Clelia Duel: Woman’s Physical Freedom p. 26 making her possibly the first American physician to advocate core-body-strength-increasing exercises to reduce the pain of menstrual cramps.
Her most famous work, published posthumously, was a survey that she began in 1892 as an undergraduate when preparing to lecture on the "Marital Relation" before the Mother's Club of the University of Wisconsin,Jacob, Kathryn Allamong: The Mosher ReportClara Platoni, "The Sex Scholar," Stanford Magazine March/April 2010. and continued throughout her career. It is the only known existing survey of Victorian women's sexual habits, and was initially controversial because of its frankness and the overwhelmingly sex-positive views of the participants, even including the use of "male sheaths" (now called condoms) and "rubber cap over the uterus" (either a diaphragm or cervical cap) birth control.Gershaw: The First Sex SurveyHyde: Understanding Human Sexuality p. 5 All this stood in high contrast to other existing historical literature of the time which held that women have no sexual desires and sex should only be used for reproduction. One theory is because the researcher was a woman gathering data from women that knew the results would only be put forth before a purely female audience, the normal strictures of propriety of that time were let down and more realistic data was actually gathered.
See also Birth control movement in the United States
Selected works Normal Menstruation and Some of the Factors Modifying It (Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin) The Relation of Health to the Woman Movement (1915) Woman’s Physical Freedom (1923)
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