The Carlisle Indians football team represented the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in intercollegiate football competition. The program was active from 1893 until 1917, when it was discontinued. During the program's 25 years, the Indians compiled a 167–88–13 record and 0.647 winning percentage, which makes it the most successful defunct major college football program. During the early 20th century, Carlisle was a national football powerhouse, and regularly competed against other major programs such as the Ivy League schools. Several notable players and coaches were associated with the team, including Pop Warner and Jim Thorpe.

History

The Carlisle Indian Industrial School was founded in 1879 by an American cavalry officer, Richard Henry Pratt, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Its purpose was to facilitate the assimilation of the Native American population into mainstream American society.Gridiron Guts: The Story of Football's Carlisle Indians, NPR, May 19, 2007.

In 1893, the Indians played their first season recognized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association.Official 2007 NCAA Division I Records Book, National Collegiate Athletic Association, p. 399, 2007. The Indians were consistently outsized by the teams they scheduled, and they in turn relied on speed and guile to remain competitive. Carlisle's playbook gave rise to many trick plays and other innovations that are now commonplace in American football. The overhand spiral throw and hand-off fake are both credited to Carlisle. Other trick plays innovated by the Carlisle Indians cannot be used because the NCAA instituted rules specifically prohibiting them after Carlisle used them.

In 1903, an Indian team coached by Pop Warner first employed its infamous "hidden-ball play" against heavily favored Harvard. Warner, as coach at Cornell, had already used it against Penn State in 1897, but it had not achieved much notice. Carlisle led Harvard at halftime, and hoping to keep the game's momentum, Warner elected to try the play on the ensuing kickoff. Harvard executed the kick, and the Indians formed a circle around the returner. With the aid of a specially altered jersey, the ball was placed up the back of the returner. The Indians broke the huddle and spread out in different directions. Each player feigned carrying the ball, except Dillon, the man with the ball up the back of his jersey. The ruse confused the Crimson players, and they scrambled to find the ball carrier. Dillon, with both his hands free, was ignored by the searching Harvard players, and he ran untouched into the end zone. With the score, Carlisle extended its lead to 11–0, but Harvard came back and eventually won 12–11. Nevertheless, the close match, and trick play, resulted in national attention.Football, the Indian Way, Newsweek, April 27, 2007. Warner had learned the trick from John Heisman while facing Auburn in 1895 during his tenure as coach of the Georgia Bulldogs. After the 1903 season, coach "Pop" Warner resigned from his position as head coach due to issues with a player and with Henry Pratt, who also resigned later that year. But right before the 1907 season,"Pop" Warner returned to the Carlisle Indians football team as the coach and with no Henry Pratt around, he was very much free to run the team all by himself with no supervision and it was during these years in the post- Pratt era that Carlisle Indians football team was able to defeat the biggest football teams in the country. In 1907, Jim Thorpe, undersized even for the Indians, persuaded Warner to allow him to try out for the team. Thorpe immediately impressed his coach and secured a starting position on the team.Carlisle Indians made it a whole new ballgame, The Washington Post, May 13, 2007. On October 26, 1907, Jim Thorpe and Carlisle trounced a powerful University of Pennsylvania team, 26–6, before an overflow crowd of 20,000 at Franklin Field. After graduating from Carlisle, he went on to stardom in numerous athletic endeavors, including as an Olympic athlete and professional player in football, baseball, and basketball.Jim Thorpe Is Dead On West Coast at 64, The New York Times, March 28, 1953.

In 1911, the Indians posted an 11–1 record, which included one of the greatest upsets in college football history. Against Harvard, Thorpe scored all of the Indians' points in a shocking upset over the period powerhouse, 18–15. The only loss for Carlisle came at the hands of Syracuse the following week, 12–11.Carlisle Indian School Game by Game Results , College Football Data Warehouse, retrieved March 12, 2009.

On November 9, 1912, Carlisle was to meet the U.S. Military Academy in a game at West Point, New York, between two of the top teams in the country. Pop Warner spoke to his team: "Your fathers and your grandfathers," Warner began, "are the ones who fought their fathers. These men playing against you today are soldiers. They are the Long Knives. You are Indians. Tonight, we will know if you are warriors." That dramatic evening Carlisle routed Army 27–6. That game, played just 22 years after the last Army battle with the Lakota/Sioux at the Wounded Knee, featured not only Jim Thorpe, but nine future generals including a linebacker named Dwight D. Eisenhower.Jenkins, p.2-6. "It was an exquisitely apt piece of national theater: a contest between Indians and soldiers."Jenkins 2

The Indians' last season of play was 1917. The school folded at the end of the 1917–18 school year. Many of the Indians' players eventually ended up in the National Football League and at other professional football teams during the 1920s.

Captains Year Captain1893 1894 Benjamin Caswell1895 Bemus Pierce1896 Bemus Pierce1897 Bemus Pierce1898 Frank Hudson1899 Martin Wheelock1900 Edward Rogers1901Martin Wheelock1902 Charles Williams1903 Jimmy Johnson1904 Arthur Sheldon1905 Nicholas Bowen1906 Albert Exendine1907 Antonio Lubo1908 Emil Hauser (aka Waseuka)1909 Joe Libby1910 Pete Hauser1911 Sampson Bird1912 Jim Thorpe1913 Gus Welch1914 Elmer Busch (early season),Pete Calac (later)1915 Pete Calac1916 George May The Carlisle Arrow, Volume 13, Number 16, Page 1, December 22, 19161917 George Tibbetts

All-time team Coach Warner was once asked by a reporter of the Carlisle Herald to name an all-time team. It includes: Line Albert Exendine, end Martin Wheelock, tackle Bemus Pierce, guard William Garlowe, center Charles Dillon, guard Emil Hauser, tackle Edward Rogers, end Backfield Jimmy Johnson, quarterback Jim Thorpe, halfback Joe Guyon, halfback Pete Hauser, fullback

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