The Barmat scandal () was a political scandal that occurred in the Weimar Republic in 1925. The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), and to a lesser extent the German Centre Party, were implicated in acts of corruption, war profiteering, fraud, bribery, and other financial misconduct with German Jewish (Ashkenazi) businessman Julius Barmat between 1918 and 1924. High-ranking SPD officials and a Centre Party minister were investigated and publicly accused of misconduct in an investigation by the Prussian Landtag.
The Barmat scandal was a major political affair in Germany and provided the German right-wing with a basis for attacking the SPD and the Weimar Republic itself. Gustav Bauer, the former Chancellor of Germany, was forced to resign his seat in the Reichstag for his involvement. The scandal damaged the SPD's reputation in the run-up to the 1925 German presidential election and contributed to right-wing candidate Paul von Hindenburg being elected President of Germany.
Antisemitism in connection with the Barmat scandal also featured prominently in Nazi propaganda, since Barmat was Jewish, and argued that wealthy Jews were exploiting the Weimar Republic and the SPD to do their bidding.Berkowitz pp. 17–18.Mommsen pp. 30–405.See generally Time, "The Scandals," 16 February 1925; and Fulda.
Background Political context The Weimar Republic was established after Imperial Germany's defeat in World War I in November 1918, with the new Weimar Constitution introducing a semi-presidential system of government.Under the Weimar Constitution, a semi-presidential system was established. The President of the Republic shared executive power with a Chancellor, who (along with his cabinet) was responsible to the Reichstag. Friedrich Ebert of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was the President of Germany from the end of the war until his death in February 1925.Ebert served provisionally as President after the Armistice and then in his own right after the adoption of the new constitution until his death. Gustav Bauer was leader of the SPD and the Chancellor of Germany from June 1919 to March 1920.Bauer had been also a member of the Reichstag from 1912, before the republic, until his resignation, as a result of the scandal, in February 1925; eventually, he was politically rehabilitated and served again in the Reichstag in the late 1920s. He also served in various cabinet posts (including Minister of Finance) in governments headed by other Chancellors. Bauer and Ebert presided over a post-war Germany that was plagued with political violence, instability, and an economic crisis.
Julius Barmat Julius Barmat was a Polish Jew originally from Uman in Congress Poland, who became a wholesale merchant with a "less than perfect character" in the Netherlands in 1906.Poor pp. 14-15. Barmat benefited from political patronage in left-wing circles, having joined the Social Democratic Workers' Party in 1908 and given the Second International free office space in his Amsterdam home. Consequently, he mingled with SPD officials and developed connections that were helpful in his future dealings. Barmat had connections with Ernst Heilmann (SPD leader in the Prussian Landtag), SPD Chairman Otto Wels, Bauer, and Ebert, which he indiscreetly bragged about. Heilmann, who was also Jewish, became close friends with Barmat, writing letters of recommendation and served on the boards of six Barmat companies, though he did not accept financial rewards.Kauders pp. 126-27. Heilman was also Jewish, which gave an additional motivation for the anti-Semites to attack and malign him and to promote the scandal in the press. No charges were ever substantiated against him. Wilhelm Richter, the chief of the Berlin Police, received gifts.Ibid., p. 126-130.
Misconduct After World War I, Barmat bought foodstuffs from the Netherlands to export to Germany, which had suffered badly from food shortages during and after the war. Barmat made a large amount of money and was, at least from the view of many German nationalists, engaging in war profiteering.The four Barmat brothers were Jews who had emigrated from Poland after 1918, which caused them to be branded as the "Eastern Jews" as the easiest targets for European anti-Semitism. Mommsen, pp.234-235) Barmat received German travel visas and lived in Berlin from 1919, establishing business relations with various state offices, including the Prussian State Bank. In return, they donated around 20,000 Reichsmarks to SPD newspapers, founded a children's home in Pirna, and paid commissions to Bauer.Kauders p. 414. The German federal government's postal department would generate considerable amounts of cash as a result of the mail, and invested idle funds with Barmat's investment company.The investments appear to have been mere commercial loans that were made to the Barmat company, which were undersecured or unsecured with collateral.The practice of investing surplus cash was not in itself unusual; such investments had been made by government departments for a long time, and the practice was no doubt considered prudent and wise by the Germans. The Prussian State Bank also loaned a considerable sum of money to Barmat, who engaged in currency speculation with the funds, and his investment company collapsed in late 1924.See Berkowitz. Both the German federal government and the Prussian State Bank lost several million U.S. dollars as a result of the firm's collapse, and a Reichstag commission was formed to investigate the matter. In addition, a commission of the Prussian Landtag was also formed to investigate. Most of the investigative work and almost all of the publicity came from the Landtag committee or actually as a result of its work, rather than from the national committee of the Reichstag.The Reichstag commission took no real action; by contrast, the Prussian Landtag committee met in over 52 sessions and issued its report 3 October 1925.
Arrests and revelations On 30 December 1924, various Prussian State Bank officials were arrested, while Barmat and his brothers were arrested early in the morning of the next day, on New Year's Eve.See Fulda, p. 94-96. A prosecutor, Kussmann, who had worked on the Kutisker case, turned the press allegations against Barmat into a scandal. Kussmann started a Barmat investigation in December 1924 and leaked information to the right-wing paper Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, which was controlled by Alfred Hugenberg.
Kussman staged a sensational raid on Julius Barmat's home on New Year's Eve 1924, and police rounded up the other three brothers and searched the various offices of the Barmat group, making front-page news in Berlin. The Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger claimed that the arrests were a result of the exploitation of political connections to obtain loans for the Barmat Brothers firm and of certain favourable contracts, which were granted to the Barmats by Reich companies. Preliminary investigation suggested that several prominent SPD officials had received bribes, kickbacks, or other financial favours in exchange for their support of government contracts with the Barmats. A prosecutor leaked information to the Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, a right-wing newspaper which was controlled by Alfred Hugenberg.
Bauer Bauer did not handle the press accusations well, kept silent when the press exposed his membership on the board of a Barmat company, and issued a denial of any involvement in the affair in January 1925 after the arrest of the Barmat brothers. In particular, he denied any benefit by way of financial remuneration. That was a most unfortunate public statement for Bauer because his opponents had specific documentary evidence that it was a lie.
The first climax of the Prussian investigating commission took place in late January 1925, with Bauer, a prominent Social Democrat, giving evidence.Bauer was an Social Democratic member of the Reichstag at the time of his testimony and had served in various roles in the Weimar government. He served as Minister of Labour from October 1918 to August 1919. Thereafter, Bauer succeeded Philipp Scheidemann as Chancellor. Scheidemann had refused to support any decision to sign the Treaty of Versailles and resigned a few days before its signature on 28 June 1919. Bauer's new government eventually formed on 14 August 1919; he then served as Chancellor until 26 March 1920. He then served in the next government (the first Mueller cabinet), as Minister of Finance from March to June 1920 and as Minister of Transportation from May to June 1920. Bauer later played a dual role as Vice-Chancellor and Finance Minister in the Wirth government from May 1921 to November 1922. During his period of government service, he had helped Barmat win food supply contracts with various federal government departments. After leaving office, he helped Barmat one time with a government scrap metal deal, and was to receive a commission from Barmat for the help. In late 1923, their relationship ended over a dispute as to the amount of "commission" that Bauer would receive for the deal.Fulda, p. 94-95.
Bauer had publicly denied that he served on any Barmat supervisory board, but this was a lie, and he was forced to admit as much under the cross-examination by the investigating commission. He was also forced to admit that his actions in helping Barmat win government contracts had been considerably more frequent and more involved that his previous statements to the press had indicated.Ibid. Despite those reversals of his prior statements, he steadfastly and repeatedly continued to deny to the investigating commission that he had received any financial compensation from Barmat. However, in early February, only a few days after the testimony, the Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger reprinted a letter from Barmat to Bauer as a part of an article on the scandal. This letter was written during the period of their 1923 commission dispute over the scrap metal deal and identified the occasions on which Bauer had received money from Barmat. Bauer was caught in a bald-faced lie and, it would appear, had committed perjury in denying any receipt of compensation. The SPD promptly asked Bauer to resign from the party and the Reichstag, which he did on 6 February.Fulda, p. 95-98.Having fought to re-establish his blemished reputation, Bauer regained admission to the party and represented it again in the Reichstag in May 1926.
Ebert The 1925 German presidential election was due to take place in spring of 1925, so the German right-wing would not forfeit a chance to discredit Ebert by association with scandal."The opportunity of smearing Social Democrats in general, and Ebert in particular, loomed large on [right-wing] journalists' minds." Fulda, p. 91. A motion was made in the Prussian commission in early February to investigate Ebert's knowledge of the Barmat scandal, particularly any involvement by his office with the Barmats. The testimony of 23 February 1925 before the commission established that Barmat had received letters of recommendation bearing the presidential seal. The right-wing press made much of that testimony. It turned out that an office employee had indeed dispatched several letters of recommendation to Barmat, bearing the presidential seal. Ebert had unfortunately recommended in 1919 for Barmat to be given a permanent visa for his many business trips to and from Germany.That was natural in light of the contracts and did not in itself imply any misdeeds but was fodder for the right-wing press. Berkowitz, p. 16. Ebert was diagnosed with appendicitis and peritonitis on 26 February and died two days later. Mommsen claims that Ebert's death had been caused in part by the strain brought on by the Barmat scandal, particularly a result of the right-wing vilification of the Prussian government.Mommsen p. 234-35.