Beatrice Moses HinkleAlso: Beatrice Hinkle-Eastwick. Bair (2003) pp. 194, 396. (1874–1953) was a pioneering American feminist, psychoanalyst, writer, and translator of C. G. Jung.
Family, marriage, education Hinkle was born in San Francisco, California, to physician B. Frederick Moses and Elizabeth Benchley Van Geisen Moses.Sherry (2013), ¶4 (p.4 of 21). Sherry concluded that her birth year was 1870, not 1874. Yet her father was killed in an accident before she was born. In 1892 when eighteen she married Walter Scott Hinkle, an assistant district attorney.
Hinkle considered studying law, but was discouraged by her husband "with a good hardy laugh". Instead in 1895 she entered "the hitherto all-male" Cooper Medical College (now part of Stanford University). At age 25 she graduated with a degree as a medical doctor in 1899. However, shortly before receiving her degree her husband died. She then supported their two children.McGuire (1991), p.xxxviii (father's death, marriage and Cooper, widow with 2 children; from Hale article).Karier (1986), p.307, note 18. Cooper degree (Stanford), attorney husband (not quote); O'Hagan article.Clay (2016), p.196. 1892 marriage, her 1899 doctorate thesis was entitled "Enuresis in Children".
Early career in medicine and psychology In 1905, Hinkle was appointed the city physician of San Francisco. She was the first woman doctor in America to hold such a public health position. The responsibilities of this office marked her subsequent career in medicine.McHenry (1980). Karier (1986), p.307, note 18. First woman in America as city physician.Clay (2016), pp. 196-197. Through her experience in public health administration, she developed her interest in the emotional dimension of healing. She considered that the reason for her rate of success in treatments was that she "poured her own vitality, her own belief into the patient" and that a doctor's work was to "reinforce the spirit that makes for recovery."Sherry (2013), ¶4 (text at fn.11), p.4 of 21, citing O'Hagan (1927) 12:46-47.
In 1908 Hinkle moved to New York City. That year she joined the staff of Dr. Charles L. Dana, 'America's leading neurologist'. They would open the country's first "psychotherapeutic clinic" at Cornell Medical College (located in Manhattan). She remarried, her new husband Philip Garrett Eastwick was a businessman.Karier (1986), p.307, note 18. Cornell clinic (quote); Hinkle a widow.Sherry (2015), p.66: Dr. Dana.Sherry (2013), p.5 of 21 (clinic; remarriage).McHenry (1980), with Dr. Dana. .
In New York City "Hinkle explored yoga, hypnotism, and psychoanalysis" and upstate a New Thought sanatorium.McGuire (1991), p.xxxviii (quote).Sherry (2013), p.5 of 21: New Thought. Hinkle later wrote that since about 1903 she'd been concerned with treatment of people suffering from psychic disturbances, from what she called "soul sickness". She was searching for cures. Then in 1909 "Freud's first work his Studien über Hysteria came into my hands".Hinkle (1923), p.3 (1903: soul sickness), p.5 (1909 quote: Freud's book).
Psychoanalysis In 1909 she traveled to Vienna for study under Sigmund Freud. Although she admired Freud's contributions to psychoanalysis, she eventually broke with his teachings instead favoring Carl Jung. It was then the norm that the student in training to practice psychoanalytic therapy would herself became a patient, i.e., an analysand. Thus Hinkle in 1911 was "analyzed by Jung".Shamdasani (2003), p.81 (quote re Jung), probably in Zurich.
Later, after beginning therapeutic work with her own patients, she grew increasingly dissatisfied with what she considered Freud's narrow understanding of the human psyche, especially regarding gender and the role of women. In 1923 Hinkle wrote, "I found myself more in sympathy with Jung's points of view... than with the rigid sexual hypotheses of the strictly Freudian analysts".Hinkle (1923), p.6 (quote preferring Jung over Freud); p.8 (Freud's male-centered Oedipus complex), p.9 (Freud's patriarchal father), pp.10-11 (Jung and psychoanalytic schools). "All the females, in this Freudian phantasy, are represented as remaining passively submissive to the will of the primal father" (p.8 quote).
Hinkle "was an early feminist".Clay (2016), p.196 (quote). Freud's approach seemed to her to lack the proper recognition of a women's psychic autonomy, so that in effect Freud pushed Hinkle to align with the adherents of Carl Jung.Karier (1986), pp.290 (prefers Jung to Freud), pp. 291, 295 (Jung's better understanding of female psyche, and of art).Clay (2016). In 1909 Hinkle "traveled to Vienna to study under Freud, later moving to Jung because she found Freud's rigid sexual theories - male-dominated in her opinion - hard to accept" (p.197, quote).Hinkle (1923), pp. 12-21, discusses Freud, noting the complexity of his method: "I shall not attempt to give an adequate presentation" (p.12).
Weimar Conference, 1911 Hinkle attended the Weimar Conference in 1911. At this psychoanalytic gathering both Freud and Jung participated. A welcome novelty was the presence of women psychoanalysts from the Zurich school.Kerr (1993), pp.105-128: the Zurich school.Shamdasani (2003), pp.66-68: Zurich school. In addition to America's Dr. Hinkle, there were continental women: Lou Andreas-Salomé, Maria Moltzer, Martha Böddinghaus, Toni Wolff, and Emma Jung. Absent was Sabina Spielrein.Kerr (1993), pp. 342-346: Third Psychoanalytic Congress, Weimar, 21-22 Sept 1911. Spielrein canceled (p.345).Bair (2003), pp. 193-195. Weimar Congress, 1911. Fifty-five attended, including eight women (six named in photo caption following page 370).Clay (2016), pp. 194, 196-197 (Weimar Conference). Discusses six women re photograph (pp. 193-194).Wehr (, 1987), pp.137-138.
Emma Jung was delighted to meet Beatrice Hinkle. "Each had a composed elegance" and yet they enjoyed being at such a conference, hearing timely issues discussed by cutting-edge intellects. According to author Catrine Clay, "She was exactly the kind of woman Emma liked."Clay (2016), p.196 (quotes).
Emma liked the American medical doctor Beatrice Moses Hinkle and agreed with her husband that she was 'an American charmer'. A woman slightly older than Jung,Hinkle's birth year 1874, Carl Jung's 1875. Emma Jung's 1882. Hinkle was then married to a wealthy American and comfortable with her professional and social position. Emma enjoyed her company, and for a brief time Hinkle became her role model.Bair (2003), p.195 (paragraph quote), per the Weimar Conference.Nota bene: Hinkle had remarried in New York City.
Listening to Freud repeat his assertion that the female psyche was a derivation of the male's, Dr. Hinkle returned to New York in 1915 determined to spread Jung's contrary views. In 1922 "Jung's most prominent advocate in the United States [was] Beatrice Hinkle".Shamdasani (2003), p.81.
Translation of Jung's Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido (1912) A major contribution of Beatrice Moses Hinkle was being among the first to present C. G. Jung's writing to the English-speaking world. Jung had attracted her admiration because of his understanding of the female psyche as independent from that of the male. She became the first official translator of his work in America.Cf., Hull, in Jung (1956, 2d 1967), p.vi.
Entitled Psychology of the Unconscious. A Study of the Transformations and Symbolisms of the Libido, her translation was published in New York in 1916 by Moffat, Yard, and in London in 1917 by Kegan, Paul. It included her 40-page "An introduction to psychoanalysis and analytic psychology".Hinkle in Jung (1916, reprint 1944): her introduction is at pp. vii-xlvi, where she distinguished between the Vienna school of Freud and the Zurich school of Jung (p.viii). The psychologist and editor John Kerr many years later commented on Part I of the Jung's 1912 book and her rendering of it:
Jung had half a masterpiece here and he seemed to know it from the first page. The English translation is flawed, but even so, it captures some of the flavor of what was basically a stylistic triumph. Here is how the translator Beatrice Hinkle, rendered Jung's beginning: "Anyone who can read Freud's Interpretation of the Dream without scientific rebellion at the newness and apparently unjustified daring of its analytic presentation and without moral indignation at the astonishing nudity of the dream interpretation... will surely be deeply impressed... ."Kerr (1993), pp. 325-326 [quote, Kerr's ellipsis).Hinkle in Jung (1916, 1944), at p.3. The part omitted by Kerr's ellipsis between 'interpretation' and 'will' is: "and who can allow this unusual array of facts to influence his mind calmly and without prejudice,".Jung (1956, 2d 1967), p. v (Editorial Note).
In her 40-page "An introduction" Hinkle demonstrated her assimilation of the viewpoints both of Freud and Jung. A patient's psychiatric symptoms may stem from forgotten memories of very painful events. Hidden to avoid traces of psychic trauma (the corresponding emotional wounds and/or unwanted inferences), the memory drops out of the patient's consciousness. Yet a later recall of 'forgotten' events is possible. In fact, if the patient can establish a conscious connection between the 'repressed' memory of painful events (newly recalled in therapy) and the disturbing emotions left by trauma, the troubling symptoms might disappear, an astonishing cure. A clinical method or process, 'the free association of ideas', might assist the patient, by letting impressions or feelings flow, despite existing mental blockage. This therapeutic method may unlock the most affected elements, and thus allow the patient to establish a conscious link between the 'forgotten' event and its corresponding trauma: hence, the cure. "This important group of ideas or impressions, with the feelings and emotions clustered around them, which are betrayed through this process, was called by Jung a complex."Hinkle in Jung (, 1916, 1944), her 40-page "An introduction to psychoanalysis and analytic psychology" to her English translation, pp. xiii-xiv (complex quote).
She had become somewhat a part of her translation since her own ideas, it is claimed, had entered into it. She renewed and augmented its theories, contributions derived from her work as a therapist and her personal experience with both Freud and Jung. She broadened the context of terms such as "repression" and "complex", manifested by the patient while being psychoanalyzed.Cf., Kerr (1993), p.326.Cf., Anthony (1990, 1999), p.54.
Her translated Psychology of the Unconscious was widely reviewed. Eugene O'Neill chose this Jung book the most influential of psychoanalytic literature. Jack London wrote that its reading was like "standing on the edge of a world so new, so terrible, so wonderful that I am almost afraid to look over into it." The book was a publishing sensation and remained in print for the next thirty years.Sherry (2013), ¶2, p.4 of 21 (publishing sensation); pp. 7-8 of 21, text at notes 20 (O'Neill) and 21 (London quote).
In 1952 Carl Jung published "an extensive revision" of this work with a new title, Symbole der Wandlung.Jung (1956, 2d 1967), pp. iv (title page) and v (Editorial Note), p. xxiii footnote (Forward to Fourth (Swiss) Edition). Beforehand in 1950, referring to advancements in psychological studies that might cause him to revise this book, Jung drew particular attention to Erich Neumann, his key work The Origins and History of Consciousness (1949). The book's editors also footnote to Neumann's The Great Mother (1952).Jung (1956, 2d 1967), p.6 (Neumann's two books). Jung in his Author's Note to 1916 translation had anticipated such "future investigators" (p.xxx).Jung (1916, 1944), p.xlvii (Author's Note).