Judea or Judaea (; ; , ; , ; ) is a mountainous region of the Levant. Traditionally dominated by the city of Jerusalem, it is now part of Israel and the West Bank. The name is derived from the Hebrew name Yehudah, and was used during the Babylonian, Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. Under the Hasmoneans, the Herodians, and the Romans, the term was applied to an area larger than the Judea of earlier periods. In the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt (c. 132–136 CE), the Roman province of Judaea was renamed Syria Palaestina.
The term Judea was used by English speakers for the hilly internal part of Mandatory Palestine. Judea roughly corresponds to the southern part of the West Bank (), a territory Israel has occupied since 1967 and administered as the "Judea and Samaria Area" (, ). Usage of the term "Judea and Samaria" is associated with the right wing in Israeli politics.
Etymology
The name Judea is a Greek and Roman adaptation of the Hebrew name Yehudah (Hebrew יהודה), one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel and later used as the name for the ancient Kingdom of Judah. Nimrud Tablet K.3751, dated 733 BCE, is the earliest known extra-biblical record of the name Judah (written in Assyrian cuneiform as Yaudaya or KUR.ia-ú-da-a-a). Related nomenclature continued to be used under the rule of the Babylonians (the Yehud province), the Persians (the Yehud province), during the Hellenistic period (Hasmonean Judea), and under the Romans (, or Province of Judaea).
Origins There is no consensus among linguists and historians as to the origins of the name Judah (Yehudah). The Book of Genesis presents a folk etymology deriving it from a legendary founder Judah, the son of Jacob, offering a wordplay This etymology is generally regarded as dubious by modern scholars because of its strong similarity to other eponymic legends from antiquity that were later proven to be false, and because Judah does not appear as a given name until late in the post-Exilic period. Several scholars have suggested Judah may be a theophoric name referencing the tetragrammaton (y-h-w), a shortening of Yehuda-el ("praise be to El"), or an otherwise-unattested god y-h-w-d. However, there is little to no agreement on the specifics of such an origin, and these theories have fallen out of favor. A more likely explanation suggests Yehuda is cognate with the Arabic wahda ("ravine" or "gorge"), though such a term is not directly attested in the Old Testament.
History Judea was sometimes used as the name for the entire region, including parts beyond the river Jordan. In 200 CE Sextus Julius Africanus, cited by Eusebius (Church History 1.7.14), described "Nazara" (Nazareth) as a village in Judea."A few of the careful, however, having obtained private records of their own, either by remembering the names or by getting them in some other way from the registers, pride themselves on preserving the memory of their noble extraction. Among these are those already mentioned, called Desposyni, on account of their connection with the family of the Saviour. Coming from Nazara and Cochaba, villages of Judea, into other parts of the world, they drew the aforesaid genealogy from memory and from the book of daily records as faithfully as possible." (Eusebius Pamphili, Church History, Book I, Chapter VII,§ 14) The King James Version of the Bible refers to the region as "Jewry".For example at and 'Judean' was not exclusively used as ethnic identifier; Ptolemy of Ascalon, for example, quoted in a work by Ammonius of Alexandria, distinguishes between Judeans originating within the land of Judea, "and forcefully circumcised Idumeans (of Syrian or Phoenician origin, in his view) who could likewise be designated 'Judeans.'"
Extent Under the Hasmoneans, the Herodians, and the Romans, the term was applied to an area larger than the Judea of earlier periods. In the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt (c. 132–136 CE), the Roman province of Judaea was renamed Syria Palaestina.
'Judea' was a name used by English speakers for the hilly internal part of Mandatory Palestine until the Jordanian rule of the area in 1948. For example, the borders of the two states to be established according to the UN's 1947 partition scheme were officially described using the terms 'Judea' and 'Samaria' and in its reports to the League of Nations Mandatory Committee, as in 1937, the geographical terms employed were 'Samaria and Judea.' Jordan called the area aḍ-ḍiffa al-gharbiya ( translated into English as 'the West Bank'). 'Yehuda' () is the Hebrew term used for the area in modern Israel since the region was captured and occupied by Israel in the 1967 Six Day War. According to Britannica, referring to this region as 'Judea and Samaria' (, ) has been associated with the right wing in Israeli politics, which does not support a two state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The term 'West Bank' is what appears on international treaties such as the Oslo Accords established between the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Israeli government. The names "West Bank" () or, alternatively, "the Territories" () are also current in Israeli usage. Generally, preference for one term over the other indicates the speaker's position on the Israeli political spectrum.
Historical boundaries
Roman-era definition The first century Roman-Jewish historian Josephus wrote (The Jewish War 3.3.5):In the limits of Samaria and Judea lies the village Anuath, which is also named Borceos.Based on Charles William Wilson's (1836–1905) identification of this site, who thought that Borceos may have been a place about 18 kilometers to the south of Neapolis (Nablus) because of a name similarity (Berkit). See p. 232 in: . This identification is the result of the equivocal nature of Josephus' statement, where he mentions both "Samaria" and "Judea." Samaria was a sub-district of Judea. Others speculate that Borceos may have referred to the village Burqin, in northern Samaria, and which village marked the bounds of Judea to its north. This is the northern boundary of Judea. The southern parts of Judea, if they be measured lengthways, are bounded by a village adjoining to the confines of Arabia; the Jews that dwell there call it Jordan. However, its breadth is extended from the river Jordan to Joppa. The city Jerusalem is situated in the very middle; on which account some have, with sagacity enough, called that city the Navel of the country. Nor indeed is Judea destitute of such delights as come from the sea, since its maritime places extend as far as Ptolemais: it was parted into eleven portions, of which the royal city Jerusalem was the supreme, and presided over all the neighboring country, as the head does over the body. As to the other cities that were inferior to it, they presided over their several toparchies; Gophna was the second of those cities, and next to that Acrabatta, after them Thamna, and Lydda, and Emmaus, and Pella, and Idumea, and Engaddi, and Herodium, and Jericho; and after them came Jamnia and Joppa, as presiding over the neighboring people; and besides these there was the region of Gamala, and Gaulonitis, and Batanea, and Trachonitis, which are also parts of the kingdom of Agrippa. This [last] country begins at Mount Libanus, and the fountains of Jordan, and reaches breadthways to Lake Tiberias; and in length is extended from a village called Arpha, as far as Julias. Its inhabitants are a mixture of Jews and Syrians. And thus have I, with all possible brevity, described the country of Judea, and those that lie round about it.
Elsewhere, Josephus wrote that "Arabia is a country that borders on Judea."Josephus, Antiquities XIV.I.4. (14.14)
The first century Roman historian Tacitus defined Judaea as bordered by Arabia to the east, Egypt to the south, Phoenicia and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, and Syria to the north. His conception, presented in Histories 5.6, mirrors a conventional understanding of Judaea as the territory where Jews predominated from the Hasmonaean era onward, standing apart from the provincial borders of the province of Judaea in his own period.
Geography
Judea is a mountainous region, part of which is considered a desert. It varies greatly in height, rising to an altitude of in the south at the Hebron Hills, southwest of Jerusalem, and descending to as much as below sea level in the east of the region. It also varies in rainfall, starting with about in the western hills, rising to around western Jerusalem (in central Judea), falling back to in eastern Jerusalem and dropping to around in the eastern parts, due to a rain shadow: this is the Judaean Desert. The climate, accordingly, moves between Mediterranean in the west and desert climate in the east, with a strip of semi-arid climate in the middle. Major urban areas in the region include Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Gush Etzion, Jericho and Hebron.
Geographers divide Judea into several regions: the Hebron hills, the Jerusalem saddle, the Bethel hills and the Judaean Desert east of Jerusalem, which descends in a series of steps to the Dead Sea. The hills are distinct for their anticline structure. In ancient times the hills were forested, and the Bible records agriculture and sheep farming being practiced in the area. Animals are still grazed today, with shepherds moving them between the low ground to the hilltops as summer approaches, while the slopes are still layered with centuries-old stone terracing. The Jewish Revolt against the Romans ended in the devastation of vast areas of the Judean countryside.
The rough and hilly landscape of the Judean mountains heavily shaped how people traveled in ancient times, forcing historical roads to follow natural paths like mountain ridges and river valleys. The main north-south route ran directly along the top of the central mountain ridge, while side roads branched out through major valleys like Soreq and Refa'im to connect the highlands with the Shephelah and the coast. In the north, the gentler terrain of the Benjamin Hills allowed for important routes like the Beth Horon ascent. In contrast, the eastern border features a sharp drop along Mount Scopus and the Mount of Olives into the dry Judean Desert. Along this steep slope, ancient fortresses and settlements guarded the narrow mountain passes that connected Jerusalem to the Jericho oasis and the Dead Sea basin.
History Biblical era
According to the biblical story of the Patriarchs,Genesis 12 Abraham came to the Land of Canaan as commanded by God and moved around in the hill country (Judaea and Samaria) and the Negev. The country is described as populated by Canaanites, Hittites, Jebusites and other population groups. This pattern continued with his son Isaac, his son Jacob and his 12 sons and daughter, Dinah and their families.Genesis 12.1-50.26 The Patriarchs Sarai, Abraham, Isaac, Rebecca and Jacob were buried at Hebron in the Tomb of the Patriarchs according to GenesisGenesis 23.1-20 and Exodus.
After the Conquest of Joshua the Israelite tribes conquered and lived in most of the land west of the river Jordan and in the northern part east of that river for close to 400 years.