This is a list of Hindu temples and their remains in Indonesia. Indonesia has been part of Indosphere of Greater India where sanskritization and Hinduism spread across Indonesia.Mark Juergensmeyer and Wade Clark Roof, 2012, Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1, Page 557. Hindus in Indonesia are a multi-ethnic society consisting of different Indonesian ethnicities, such as Balinese, Javanese, Indian and other ethnic groups. According to government statistics, the majority of Indonesian Hindus are Balinese that inhabit the island of Bali. This claim has been disputed by one of the leading Hindu bodies of the nation, the Parishada Hindu Dharma Indonesia (PHDI), which estimates there are about 18 million Hindus, indicating that most are not of Balinese origin. There is also a significant Indonesian Indian Hindu minority settled in large cities. Numbers of Indonesian natives that adhere to a form of native Austronesian ancestral and natural worship might also be categorized as Hindus, such as Dayak people (Kaharingan), Batak Karo (Parmalim), Javanese (Kejawen) and, Baduy people (Sunda Wiwitan). Hindu Dayak and Kaharingan groups are concentrated in Central Kalimantan.
Types The design, style, layout, architecture and decoration of Hindu temples differ among various ethnic groups. In general, Indonesian Hindu temples are based on the Vasusastra-Manasara, a Hindu text on architecture, though they have significant native and Chinese influence. Balinese Hindu temples do not have the Gopuram above temples unlike Indian Tamil Hindu temples which feature a prominent Gopuram at the entrance. Indian temples are designed as indoor house of worship, while Balinese temples are designed as open-air temple within walled compound connected by series of intricately decorated roofed gates and split gates. In Indonesia, there are roughly three types of Hindu templesː Candi, the Javanese ancient Hindu temples Pura, the Balinese temples Kuil or mandir, the Indian Hindu temples
Candi
Candi is an Indonesian term to refer to ancient temples, the word originated from the Sanskrit word Candikargha which is associated with the Goddess Durga. Prior to the rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th century Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in Indonesian archipelago, especially in Java and Sumatra. As the result numerous Hindu temples, locally known as candi, constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, Java had thousands of Hindu temples which co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD.Taylor, K., & Altenburg, K. (2006). Cultural Landscapes in Asia‐Pacific: Potential for Filling World Heritage Gaps 1. International journal of heritage studies, 12(3), pages 267-282Degroot, V. M. Y. (2009). Candi, space and landscape: a study on the distribution, orientation and spatial organization of Central Javanese temple remains (Doctoral dissertation, Leiden Institute for Area Studies, SAS Indonesie, Faculty of Arts, Leiden University)
Between 1100 and 1500 additional Hindu temples were built, but abandoned by Hindus and Buddhists as Islam spread in Java circa 15th to 16th century.
In last 200 years, some of these have been rediscovered mostly by farmers while preparing their lands for crops. Most of these ancient temples were rediscovered and reconstructed between 19th to 20th century, and treated as the important archaeological findings and also as tourist attraction, worship is mainly done on the national days by Balinese and local Hindu and Buddhist on sacred days such as Nyepi and Waisak In Indonesia. The local population mostly has converted to Islam or Christianity, but there are still also many worshipers who follow Kejawèn. Today, these ancient Hindu temples in Java are under the authority of Dinas Purbakala (Archaeological Authority) under the Ministry of Culture.
Majority of Hindu temples in Java were dedicated to Shiva, who Javanese Hindus considered as the God who commands the energy to destroy, recombine and recreate the cycle of life. Small temples were often dedicated to Shiva and his family (wife Durga, son Ganesha). Larger temple complexes include temples for Vishnu and Brahma, but the most majestic, sophisticated and central temple was dedicated to Shiva. The 732 AD Canggal inscription found in Southern Central Java, written in Indonesian Sanskrit script, eulogizes Shiva, calling him God par-excellence.Upendra Thakur (1986), Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture; ; pages 91-96 Historical scripts suggest Javanese recognized amongst themselves three sects of Shiva - Mahesvara, Buddhist (Saugata) and Mahabrahmana (Rsi). The Hindu and Buddhist temples co-existed, people intermarried, with occasional couple featuring a Hindu king and Buddhist wife as evidenced by Candi Plaosan, the husband and wife maintaining their different religious beliefs after marriage. Most of the temples are laid out in perfect squares, with secondary temples or lingas arranged geometrically or circularly. However, midst of the perfect symmetries, is present a shift of the temple complex axis and primary statue enclosure axis; this asymmetry is believed to be deliberate because the shift is always to the north and the ratio of asymmetry is exactly the same in a dozen temples where this has been measured.ONO, K. (2001). The Symbolism of Temple Sites on Old Javanese Temples. Asymmetrical Temple Sites of Hindu Candi. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, (36), pages 2-35 Some of sculptures and reliefs in the temples represent Hindu dance forms, currently seen in India but not in Java. Some in temples Java have a mix of Hindu and Buddhist features which has made attribution and original purpose against later usage difficult to ascertain.
Central Java Central Java region consist of modern Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces. Most of Hindu temples in Cantral Java region are candi or ancient temples built between 8th to 15th century. Some known Hindu temples in Java include:Dumarçay, J., & Smithies, M. (1986). The temples of Java. Oxford University Press.Wendoris, T. (2008). Mengenal Candi-candi Nusantara. Pustaka Widyatama.
Candi Prambanan - the largest Hindu temples complex uncovered so far in Indonesia; it is also known as Loro Jonggrang, and it includes 240 temples; the three central temples have intricate carvings on its walls to pictorially describe all major events from the Hindu epic Ramayana.Prambanan Temple Compounds, UNESCO World Heritage Site Description The temple is still used by local Hindu minority community as a place of worship on their special days of the year. Candi Ijo Candi Barong Candi Sambisari - located in village of Purwomartani (Kalasan), this temple is located below ground level, and is a perfect square of 13.65 x 13.65 meters and is 7 meters high; it is the most preserved and complete Hindu temple in Java from the late 9th century AD. The large linga and yoni inside the temple is made of andesite stone; the temple faces west and the yoni inside the temple faces north. The reliefs in the wall are well preserved and intricate. The temple is surrounded by a grid of 8 lingas in a precise symmetric arrangement. There is evidence that nearby farm fields are on top of walls and parts of this temple yet to be unearthed. Candi Kedulan Candi Gebang Candi Kimpulan Candi Gedong Songo - built in the early 8th century, on southern slopes of Gunung Ungaran overlooking central Java, by Wangsa Sanjaya dynasty Candi Pringapus situated in Temanggung Candi Losari situated in Magelang Candi Selogriyo - built in the 8th century, on slopes of Mount Sumbing overlooking rice terraces of Java Candi Gunung Wukir - built before 732 AD, dedicated to God Siwa, famous for the inscription discovered in one of its wells of secondary temple. It is located in Semin village (Salam). The temple's center still has yoni, but the linga is missing. Candi Morangan - built in the 9th century CE, with Siva's linga-yoni, has delicate carvings of tangled lovers and vegetation motifs on andesite stones; the temple is sometimes called fragrance-exuding temple Candi Gunung Sari - located in village of Gulon (Muntilan), this is a Siva temple with barong relief suggesting a syncretic fusion of Hindu and pre-Hindu Javanese ideas Candi Merak - a 10th-century Hindu temple, located east of Jogjakarta, like many other temples in Java has one main temple and three secondary temples with gupolo; the wall is carved with reliefs of Siwa's wife Durga, turtle, flowers and birds. Candi Dieng Candi Sukuh Candi Cetho
Eastern Java Candi Penataran Candi Jawi Candi Kidal Candi Singhasari Candi Surawana Candi Jago Candi Bajang Ratu Candi Macan Putih
Western Java Candi Cangkuang Candi Bojongmenje
Bali Candi Gunung Kawi Candi Tebing Kerobokan Goa Garba Candi Tebing Kelebutan Goa Gajah Candi Tebing Tegallinggah Candi Tebing Jukut Paku Relief Yeh Pulu
Pura
Pura is Balinese Hindu temples. Balinese Hinduism is the continuation of Javanese Hindu Dharmic tradition developed in Java between the 8th to 15th century. After Islam toppled Hinduism in Java circa 15th century, the remnants of this ancient Indonesian Hinduism are confined in Bali. Balinese Hinduism incorporate native Austronesian and Hindu worship of ancestors batara-s in Balinese from Sanskrit pitr-s) next to the general ideas from Hinduism of Vedic deities, terms and rituals imported from India. In Bali, a Pura (Balinese temple) is designed as an open-air worship place within a walled compound. The compound walls have a series of intricately decorated gates without doors for the devotee to enter. The design, plan and layout of the holy pura follows a square layout.
Today, Balinese Hindus are concentrated in Bali island and some other cities in Indonesia. In Bali, Hindu Balinese temples (Pura) can be found quite easily, since they are the majority in the island. Outside Bali, they can be found too but not too many, for mostly these temples were followed the migration and only to accommodate Balinese people outside Bali, such as Balinese temples in Greater Jakarta.
Bali
Pura Besakih, Karangasem Regency (the largest Balinese Hindu temple in Indonesia) Pura Ulun Danu Bratan Pura Luhur Ulu Watu Pura Kehen, southern slope of Bangli hill Pura Makori, Bali Pura Ulun Danu Batur, Karanganyar Batur village, Kintamani Pura Watukaru, Wangaya Gede village, Tabanan Pura Puncak Penulisan, Kintamani Pura Pancering Jagat, Trunyan village, Kintamani Pura Jagadnatha, Jalan Mayor Wisnu, Puputan Square Pura Maospahit Denpasar, Banjar Gerenceng Pura Tanah Lot, Marga Pura Goa Lawah Pura Tirtha Empul Pura Sakenan, Klungkung Regency Pura Taman Ayun Pura Taman Saraswati, Ubud Pura Pengerebongan, Kesiman, Denpasar Pura Bolo, Tegallalang, Gianyar Pura Khayangan Jagat Masceti, Medahan Keramas, Gianyar Pura Penataran Sasih, Pejeng village, Gianyar Pura Griya Sakti Manuaba
Nusa Tenggara
Pura Lingsar, Narmada, Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Pura Watugunung, Bima, West Nusa Tenggara Pura Agung Girinatha, Sumbawa Besar, West Nusa Tenggara Pura Agung Waidoko, Maumere, East Nusa Tenggara
Pura Agung Giri Kertabhuana, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Pura Agung Oebanantha, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara Pura Dalem Kahyangan Wolowona, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara Pura Atambuanantha, Atambua, East Nusa Tenggara
Eastern Java Pura Agung Jagat Karana, Surabaya Pura Tirta Wening, Tambak Sari, Surabaya Pura Ranu Ngudisari, Tlagan hamlet, Pohjejer village, Gondang subdistrict, Mojokerto Regency Pura Luhur Poten, Mount Bromo, Probolinggo Regency
Central Java Pura Agung Giri Natha, Jalan Sumbing No. 12, Semarang Pura Wira Buwana, Jalan Jendral Sarwo Edi Wibowo, Kompleks Akademi Militer, Magelang Pura Jagatnatha, Banguntapan (Janti), Yogyakarta Pura Bhakti Widhi, Jalan Ngawen, Km. 2.5, Beji, Ngawen, Gunung Kidul