The Hrusish or Southeast Kamengic languagesAnderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. possibly constitute a Sino-Tibetan branch in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. They are Hruso (Aka) and Mijiic. In Glottolog, Hammarström, et al. does not accept Hrusish, and considers similarities between Hruso and Miji to be due to loanwords.
Names George van Driem (2014) and Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) use the name Hrusish, while Anderson (2014) prefers Southeast Kamengic.
Classification Anderson (2014) considers Hrusish to be a branch of Tibeto-Burman. However, Blench and Post (2011) suggest that the Hruso languages likely constitute an independent language family.
Bodt's & Lieberherr's (2015:69) internal classification of the Hrusish languages is as follows.
Hrusish Hruso (ʁuso, Aka) Miji-Bangru Western Miji (Đəmmai, Sadʑalaŋ) Eastern Miji (Nəmrai, Wadu Baŋru) Bangru (Tadə Baŋru, Tadʑu Baŋru, Ləwjɛ, Ləvai)
Comparative vocabulary The following comparative vocabulary table of Hrusish vocabulary items (Bangru, Miji, and Hruso) is from Anderson (2014), with additional Bangru data from Li (2003).Li Daqin [李大勤]. 2003. "A sketch of Bengru" [崩如语概况]. Minzu Yuwen 2003(5), 64-80. Anderson's (2014) Hruso data is from Anderson's own field notes and from Simon (1970).Simon, I. M. 1970. Aka language guide. Shillong: NEFA. 1993 Reprint Itanagar. Anderson's (2014) Miji data is from his own field notes as well as Simon (1979)Simon, I. M. 1979/1974. Miji Language Guide. Shillong. (Govt. Arunachal). and Weedall (2014).Weedall, Christopher. 2014. Sajolang-English lexicon. m.s. Bangru data is from Ramya (2011, 2012).Ramya, Tame. 2011. An Ethnographic Study Bangrus of in Kurung Kumey District, Arunachal Pradesh. M Phil. Thesis. Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar.Ramya, Tame. 2012. Sociolinguistic profile of the Bangru languages of Arunachal Pradesh. Presented at ICOLSI, Shillong. m.s.
Gloss Bangru (Li 2003) Bangru (Anderson 2014) Miji (Anderson 2014) Hruso (Anderson 2014) sun dʑu˥wai˥˧ dʒu dʒo ~ zuʔ; zo ~ ʒʲoʔ dʒu ~ dʑu; dʲu snow də˧˩ɣai˥ tene dɨlen; təlɛn tʰiɲɲo ashes laʔ˥bu˥˧ lag-bow maj-bu xukʰes-pu mother's brother - kiː-ni a-kʰiw; akju a-kʰi son mə˧˩dʑu˥ mu-dʒu-ɲiːib zu sou ~ sa ~ seu I ȵoŋ˥ ɲo(ʔ) ɲaŋ nɔ we ga˧˩ni˥ k-aɲi aɲi ɲi bear si˥tsuaŋ˥ sutʃow ʃutsaŋ sitso ~ sutso insect(s) bə˧˩loŋ˥ beloŋ-siɲi biluʔŋ; bəɫuʔŋ; biluŋʰ bəlu nose mə˧˩ȵi˧guaŋ˥˧ mi-niː-ko ɲi un-su ~ nu-su hand mə˧˩gai˥ me-gej (mə)gi əgzə thumb ('hand' + 'mother') - me-gej-nea gi-nuiʔ; gi-batʃo əgzə-i-aɲ saliva, spit - je ʒeʔ ze-mdʑiu; əʒʲəxu ~ əɣʲəxu sleep dʑe˥ zeu dʒi dʒum dream dai˥mu˧˩mu˥ tjameiː tajme tʰimjeu four bu˧˩rai˥ poraji bli; b(ə)le pʰiri; pʰiji five buŋ˥ puŋ bungu, buŋu pʰum ~ pʰóm six rai˥˧ reh reʔ; reʔ ~ réʔ rijɛ; ʑje seven muai˥˧ moji myaʔ, mjaʔ mrjo; mrɔ eight sə˧˩cai˥˧ sagaik sɨgiʔ, sɨgeʔ; səguj səgzə ~ sɨgdʒɨ ~ sɨɣdʒɨ nine sə˧˩təŋ˥ sataŋ sɨtʰɨn; stʰɨn; stən stʰə; stʰɨ ~ stʰə ten rəŋ˥ raŋ lin; lən ʁə; ʁɨ ~ ʁə bow - karaik gɨriʔ; gəri kʰiri dry mə˧˩ci˥ miː-kji mɨ-kʰyang; məkjaŋ kʰrou mother a˧˩nai˥˧ aːneja aɲʲi aɲi; aɲ red ja˧˩dʑu˥˧ ja-tʃuk mu-tsu tsu stream - wu-dʒu vu-zuʔ 'creek' xu-sa shoulder mə˧˩pu˥zi˥ m-podʒ pas-t(ʰ)uŋ; pastoŋ ə-pos-tu finger mə˧˩gai˥tsuo˥˧ me-gej-tʃowa gi-tsoʔ; məgitso əgzi-tsə pig ʑəu˥˧ dʒu ʒo; ʒoʔ vo bird ('bird' + 'son/child') pu˥dʑu˧˩ pu-dʒu buzu(ʔ); bɨ-zɨ ~ b-zɨ ~ bə-zu ~ bə-zə; bə-zuʔ mu-su seed - mete tʰei-zʰo; (me)tẽ isi; dʒʲe; ʃe-die
Reconstruction Proto-Hrusish has been reconstructed in by Bodt & Lieberherr (2015). Bodt & Lieberherr (2015:101) note that Proto-Hrusish displays a sound change from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s- to t-, which they note had also occurred in Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Tangkhulic, Central Naga, and Karbi languages. The Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-l and -r have also been lost in Proto-Hrusish.
Reconstructed Proto-Hrusish forms from Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) are given below.
*nə-paŋ 'aconite' *si-ni 'ant' *pri 'awake' * 'axe' *mə-niŋ 'bad' *bra 'bamboo (big)' * 'bark (tree)' *sə-t͡saŋ 'bear' *majk 'bee' *mə-doʔ 'big (thick, wide)' *bə-dow 'bird' *taʔ 'bite' *kam 'bitter' *jaC 'blood' *mə-muC 'body' *lu 'boil (water)' *mə-ri-jaŋ 'bone' *gə-raj 'bow' *mə-nuŋ 'breast; milk' * 'broom' *su 'cane; rope' * 'chicken' *mə-ga-daʔ 'chin' *gi-le 'cloth' *majməwŋ 'cloud' *ku 'cook' *su 'cow' *kraC 'cry' *taj 'cut' *ga 'day' *mə-ruk 'deep' *θəj 'die' *taC 'dig' *ni-t͡ɕi 'dirty' *ru 'do' *piŋ 'door' *tai-mə 'dream' *tuŋ 'drink' *t͡ɕa 'eat' *do-riŋ 'egg' *sə-giC 'eight' *(a/mə)ko 'elder brother' *mə-hi-laŋ 'empty' *t͡səj 'excrete, defecate' *mə-jaʔ 'eye' *mə-rəŋ 'far' *mə-baC 'fat (n)' *ri 'fear' *mejʔ 'few' *rəj 'fight' *mə-guC-t͡ɕoʔ 'finger' *maj 'fire' *laC 'fireplace' *trV 'fish' *bə-ŋu 'five' *mə-boC 'flower' *mə-d͡ʑoC 'friend' *d͡ʑuC 'frog' *θai 'fruit' *bə-ləj 'four' *liŋ 'full' *kikmuŋ 'garlic, onion' *bəj 'give' *se-preN 'goat' *rajC 'grind, crush' *mə-luŋ 'guts' *go-pu 'hair' *mə-gaŋ-lo 'hard' *mə-guC 'hand, arm' *du 'have, exist' *mə-go-kuŋ 'head' *mə-luŋ-wəwC 'heart' *mə-ləj 'heavy' *mə-su 'horn' *nam 'house' *kə-na 'how many' *niC 'human' *bə-luŋ 'hundred' *noC 'ill' *bəw-luŋ 'insect' *suN 'iron' *gə-d͡ʑuk 'itch' *dəgraŋ 'kick' *gajC 'kill' *vaj-t͡suŋ 'knife' *ni 'know' *toC 'laugh' *mə-rajC 'leaf' *lə-wajC 'leech' *laj 'leg' *laŋ 'lift' *mə-lə-taŋ 'light' *t͡ɕi 'liquor' *rej 'listen, hear' *siŋ 'live, grow up' *mə-θin 'liver' *mə-pjaŋ 'long' *gaŋ 'look, see' *saC 'louse' *daj 'make; do' *niC 'man (male)' *su 'meat' *lu 'month' *lu 'moon' *mə-nuŋ 'mouth; language' *lu-lV 'mortar' *me-naj 'mother' *mə-mjiŋ 'name' *mə-nej 'near' *ta- 'negative imperative' *mə-gə-nu 'new' *nə-gaC 'night' *sə-tiŋ 'nine' *mə-ɕoʔ 'old' *a-ken 'one' *an 'paddy rice' *bə-laC 'pestle' *jowʔ 'pig' *go-kuN 'pillow' *nə-dəj; *pro 'rain' *t͡ɕaʔ 'red' *gə-leC 'ring' *lam-baŋ 'road' *mə-kriŋ 'root' *mə-də-rəw 'round' *lu 'salt' *sə-gə-raj 'sand' *mə-θai 'seed' *laC 'sell' *mə-ljak 'seven' * 'sew' *mə-nuŋ 'short' *mə-ma 'sister (elder)' *d͡ʑuC 'sit, stay' *reC 'six' *mə-prja 'skin' *nə-də-laŋ 'sky' *d͡ʑV 'sleep' *maj-kən 'smoke (n)' *bəw 'snake' *dəren 'snow' *mə-lə-prjuC 'soft, smooth' *naʔ 'soil' *təwC 'speak' *d͡ʑuŋ 'spear' *məsu 'spicy' *jeʔ 'spittle' *gu 'stand' *lə-t͡ɕuŋ 'star' *kə 'steal' *t͡ɕuŋ 'storehouse, granary' *mə-gə-raŋ 'straight' *bə-nuŋ 'suck' *d͡ʑuʔ 'sun' *bə-ljaC 'swallow' *mə-jaŋ 'sweet' *liŋ 'swell' *wa '(swidden) field' *d͡ʑaC 'swim' *mə-lə-mrjaj 'tail' *ləw 'take' *t͡ɕaC 'tell' *rəŋ 'ten' *paj-t͡ɕi 'that' *pu-t͡ɕi 'that (lower)' *mə-lu 'thigh' *huŋ 'this' *gə-θəm 'three' *gə-d͡ʑuC 'thorn' *bə-laj 'tongue' *mə-taC 'tooth' * 'tree' *gə-niC 'two' *an-lə-giN 'uncooked rice' *pen 'vegetable' *mu 'vomit' *daj 'walk' *t͡ɕaC 'hot, warm' *wi 'water' *kua-suʔ 'waterfall' *traj 'weave' *tiŋ 'what' *kəʔ 'where' *mə-gə-raN 'white' *θu 'who' *low 'wind' *gə/mə-t͡ɕəwC 'wing' *d͡ʑVru 'with' * 'wood' *nəməraj 'woman' *də-niŋ 'year' *də-gaC 'yesterday' *mə-nuŋ 'younger sibling' *na(-jaŋ) '' *ni '' *ʔi '' *ka-ni '' *d͡ʑV '' *na ''
See also Hrusish comparative vocabulary lists (Wiktionary)
Further reading Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018-009.
References
Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
George van Driem (2001) Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill.